Pharaoh Amenhotep IV was one of the most puzzling pharaohs of Egypt, also mentioned as the 'Heretic Pharaoh' or 'Rebel Pharaoh'. Any evidence that Akhenaten involved himself in matters outside of his city at Akhetaten always comes back to self-interest rather than state-interest. - Akhenaten's life may have been threatened. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Books John Bodsworth (CC BY) Akhenaten (r. 1353-1336 BCE) was a pharaoh of 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. The city was built on virgin land in the middle of Egypt facing towards the east and precisely positioned to direct the rays of the morning sun toward temples and doorways. . "Akhenaten." He created a new monotheistic religion devoted to a single god named the Aten. Akhenaten is perhaps one of the most infamous. Whit Schroder Amarna Final.doc. His reign as Amenhotep IV lasted five years during which he followed the policies of his father and the religious traditions of Egypt. Omissions? Akhenaten renamed himself. (5). View L04 Reading Quiz.pdf from PHIL 119 at Pennsylvania State University. For nearly two millennia, Akhenaten danced with insanity. The Cosmic Order used their ultimate might to force peace onto the universe. In this, as in many other aspects of their lives that have come to us through art and texts, Akhenaten and Nefertiti were seen, or at least saw themselves, as deities in their own right. As a god, he seems to have felt that the affairs of state were beneath him and simply stopped attending to his responsibilities. To use the materials on this site please eMail me and ask permission. His legacy of monotheism, however, if Freud and others are correct, influenced other religious thinkers to emulate his ideal of one true god and reject the polytheism which had characterized human religious belief for millennia. This is unsurprising given the fact that the shift throughout Egypt in culture and religion was so immense. Corrections? Aten was the life-giving and life-sustaining power of the sun. He ruled from 1352-1336. pr. Among other things, these state that if he were to die outside of his home city, his body should be brought back and buried in the tomb that was being prepared for him in the eastern cliffs. "Akhenaten: Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt." Brahman. He was the son of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye . The only preserved architecture from Karnak indicates that these courts were flanked by roofed porticos with colossal statues of the king placed against the pillars. Shortly after this first significant step, Akhenaten initiated a series of changes in Egyptian religion, art and writing that appeared to coincide with the jubilees of his deified father, Amenhotep III, and the Aten. Babylon. Since the modern rediscovery of Akhenaten, academics have written countless studies and biographies of this so-called heretic king expounding upon his incendiary nature in ways perhaps best encapsulated by James Henry Breasted: Until Ikhnaton the history of the world had been the irresistible drift of tradition. However, he soon showed his hostility for Amun. According to Egyptian Mythology he descended from the gods who arrived on Earth at the time of Tep Zepi and until today, people still believe that this Pharaoh did, in fact, come from the Stars. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Akhenaten/. License. Much scholarly debate has centred on whether these features reflect the actual appearance of the kingextended by convention to his family and retainersand various theories have been argued about the presumed pathology of Amenhotep IV and what medical conditions might produce the anatomical traits shown. Is usually comprehensive and extensive. The religion of the Aten is not completely understood today. Discover the true identity of Avenger Prime, check out the finale of 'Strange,' get tangled in a 'Dark Web,' and more in this week's comics! With the exception of Ra and Osiris, the worship of Amun was more widespread than that of any other god in the Nile Valley; but the circumstances behind the growth of his cult certainly point to its having been disseminated by political rather than religious propaganda. By the time Amenhotep IV came to power, the priests of Amun were on almost equal standing with the royal house in wealth and influence. There is evidence that, as Amenhotep IV, he carried out building projects in Nubia, and there were temples to the Aten in Memphis and Heliopolis, and possibly elsewhere as well. In just under two decades on the throne, Akhenaten imposed new aspects of Egyptian religion, overhauled its royal artistic style, moved Egypts capital to a previously unoccupied site, implemented a new form of architecture and attempted to obliterate the names and images of some of Egypts traditional gods. Nefertiti means "The beautiful one has come.". Create your account. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. All rights reserved. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. We do know that Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti worshipped only the sun god, and the names of other gods and goddesses were removed from view. Hi Andriana, Great question! The Amarna Letters preserve an inside look at Egyptian diplomacy, revealing how power brokers maneuvered, alliances were forged, and pharaohs were flattered. Perhaps, then, the elongation of the figures in these images was meant to show human transformation when touched by the power of the Aten. the Egyptian capital returned to Thebes and Egyptians resumed their traditional religious worship. Indeed, Amenhotep IV took his father's predilection for the Egyptian sun god, Aten, to new heights. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Apr 2014. That same year Akhenaten moved his capital to a new site some 200 miles (300 km) north of Thebes. What is certain, though, is this new religion elevated the Aten to the position of state deity and centered largely on its worship. While there are, then, examples of Akhenaten looking after state affairs, there are more which substantiate the claim of his disregard for anything other than his religious reforms and life in the palace. Scholars have speculated that he was perhaps a eunuch or a sufferer from a genetic disorder or . Mark, Joshua J.. In Akhenaten, Nicholas Reeves presents an entirely new perspective on the turbulent events of Akhenaten's seventeen-year reign. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. I feel like its a lifeline. Reeves argues that, far from being the idealistic founder of a new . Whether such statues were intended to represent the male and female element combined in the person of the divine king or whether they are simply statues of Nefertiti has not been satisfactorily settled. Travel Grant for Underrepresented Students, Antiquities Endowment Fund (AEF) Projects, Research Supporting Members (RSM) Projects. Since answer choice B refers to the evidence that the argument relies on, let's look at that evidence. (Hawass, 39). Unfortunately, Moses lived around three-hundred years earlier the story of the Exodus covers a period between 1657 and 1512 BCE. Nefertiti was a powerful queen who helped Akhenaten transform the Egyptian religious landscape. Instead of having a detailed pathway for people to follow, shepherded by Osiris, people could only hope to be reawakened in the morning, to bask in the sun's rays. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/akhenaten-4769554. $6.13 11 Used from $4.99 1 New from $19.95 1 Collectible from $14.94. His odd appearance in representations that he commissioned and his preoccupation with worshiping the sun-disc, or Aten, have stimulated a vast amount of academic discussion and controversy for more than . This no doubt had more to do with his desire to keep friendly the buffer states between Egypt and the Land of the Hatti (Canaan and Syria, for example, which were under Abdiashirta's influence) than any sense of justice for the death of Ribaddi and the taking of Byblos. Mark, J. J. In this lesson we explore the reign of Akhenaten, the religiously zealous son of Amenhotep III who tried to initiate a profound shift in Egyptian religion, culture, and governance. In this article, you point out that Akhenaten reined between 1352 and 1336 BCE. To those who came after him in Egypt, however, he was the 'heretic king' and 'the enemy' whose memory needed to be eradicated. His reign is known as the Amarna Period because he moved the capital of Egypt from the traditional site at Thebes to the city he founded, Akhetaten, which came to be known as Amarna (also Tell el-Amarna). The scenes, reconstructed from thousands of individual talatat blocks, portray the royal couple and their eldest daughter, Meritaton, engaged primarily in making offerings to the Aton, although scenes of offering-bearers, cattle designated for slaughter, foreigners in obeisance, and detailed depictions of the royal palace are also abundant. Furthermore, Akhenaten sought to remove the power of the priesthood and so he moved the capital from Thebes to a new ground where he made a new capital for his own god Aten: Akhetaten or El-Amarna. 13521336 B.C. As Dorman (2015) confirms, architectural developments which occurred at this time revolved around the Pharaoh's radical religious . The Aten was not new to the rule of Akhenaten and, prior to his conversion, was simply another cult among the many in ancient Egypt. We know very little about Akhenaten's early life, except that he was born in Egypt's 18th Dynasty at some point in the mid-14th century BCE. Akhenaten took the throne in 1352 or 1353 B.C.E. However he deserves acknowledged for being a revolutionary leader. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Akhenaten attempted to abolish most of the complex mythology of the solar cycleno longer was it a nightly struggle against the forces of evil, nor were there explanations for the existence of sorrow and evil in the world. Tushratta, the king of Mitanni, who had also been a close ally of Egypt, complained that Amenhotep III had sent him statues of gold while Akhenaten only sent gold-plated statues. Mark, published on 17 April 2014. Tutankhamun's successors Ay (1327-1323 BCE) and, especially, Horemheb (c. 1320-1292 BCE) tore down the temples and monuments built by Akhenaten to honor his god and had his name, and the names of his immediate successors, stricken from the record. Those 'old tribal deities' of Egypt, however, had encouraged peace, harmony, and the development of one of the greatest ancient cultures the world has ever known. However, the ancient Egyptians were a deeply religious people who loved their ancient traditions and were not ready to embrace such radical changes. Rise up against Lilith and her forces December 2, 2022. Step One of Akhenaten's plan to refocus Egypt's religious life began shortly after his rise to power in 1349 BCE, when Akhenaten instituted a cult to Aten and renamed himself to reflect this god (Akhenaten meaning "One is effective for the Aten").. They sought local humans to guide each space sector through this transition, and Akhenaten's ruthless leadership history and vision for the future made him an ideal candidate. Unlike the images from other dynasties of Egyptian history, the art from the Amarna Period depicts the royal family with elongated necks and arms and spindly legs. AKHENATON. In the middle of the 14th Century BC, the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten adopted the main worship of a single god, the sun-disk or Aten, eradicating Egyptian traditions that had lasted for millennia and drastically altering the art style to reflect this new freedom of expression. Step Two was enacted when he sent his workers to remove all . It is simply the Egyptian word 'mose' meaning 'child', and is an abridgement of a fuller form of such names as 'Amen-mose' meaning 'Amon-a-child' or 'Ptah-mose' meaning 'Ptah-a-child'and the name Mose, 'child', is not uncommon on the Egyptian monuments. This obsession caused him to relocate Egypt's capital, destroy the Egyptian priesthood, and declare that he alone could communicate with the god, Aten. Akhenaten further reshaped Egypts religious sphere through the persecution of some traditional gods, most notably Amun Egypts state deity for much of the 18th dynasty. Yet no other pharaohsave perhaps his son . Akhenaten's religious fervency had spilled over into other areas as well. Letters to the king discovered in the ruins of Tell el-Amarna, known as the Amarna Letters, show the discontent of the army commanders and high commissioners in Palestine and Syria. (2020, August 28). Amarna Letter from Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and the Royal Family Blessed by Aten. Amenhotep III's adoration of Aten had been in part political; the priests of the previously most-followed god, Amen-Re, had grown quite powerful in 14th-century Egypt. Akhenaten was not the first pharaoh to show interest in the Aten. Hirst, K. Kris. In the 5th year of his reign, Amenhotep IV outlawed the old Egyptian religion and proclaimed himself the living incarnation of a single all-powerful deity known as Aten and, by the 9th year, he had closed all the temples and suppressed religious practices. as pharaoh of the most powerful state of the ancient world: Egypt. Unlike the traditional ritual prescribed for most Egyptian deities, which was carried out in small, darkened sanctuaries in the innermost recesses of their temples, Amenhotep IVs devotion to the Aton was celebrated through the presentation of foodstuffs on large numbers of offering tables and made in open sunlight. By the time of Amenhotep IV, the cult of Amun owned more land than the king. Ruins of Pharaoh Akhenaton's capital Tell el-Amarna (Akhetaten). The king ascended the throne under his birth name, Amenhotep IV, but in his fifth regnal year, he changed his name to one that better reflected his religious ideas (Amenhotep = Amun is satisfied, Akhenaten = Effective for Aten). Tel: 212-535-7710 A varied collection . More simply, the remarkable innovations of Amenhotep IV in several cultural spheres at once may be reasonably viewed as a manifestation of the intimate connection in Egyptian culture between art and religion. Expert Answer. 1379-1336 BCE) was one of the last pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom Egypt, who is known for briefly establishing monotheism in the country.Akhenaten drastically revised the religious and political structure of Egypt, developed new art and architectural styles, and generally caused great chaos during the Middle Bronze Age. The 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt was full of intrigue. The fourth temple built at Karnak in the 4th year of his reign, called Hutbenben "the Temple of the benben stone," is the earliest example of the revolutionary style of the new pharaoh. His priests secretly continued their polytheistic worship. Much has been written about this compelling, controversial pharaoh whose appearanceelongated and effeteis totally at odds with that of the traditional Egyptian ruler. He is also known as 'Akhenaton' or 'Ikhnaton' and also 'Khuenaten', all of which are translated to mean 'successful for' or 'of great use to' the god Aten. Their faces were characterized by large lips, long noses and squinting eyes, and their bodies displayed narrow shoulders and waists, small and somewhat concave torsos and large thighs, buttocks and bellies. The cult of Aton vanished. Some historians have praised Akhenaten's reforms as the first instance of monotheism and the benefits of monotheistic belief, but these reforms were not at all beneficial to the people of Egypt at the time. Percy lives in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, but found his life uprooted upon discovering his true paternity.He has black hair and sea-green eyes. The pharaoh as a servant of the gods, & identified with a certain god was common practice, but no one before Akhenaten had proclaimed himself an actual god. Akhenaten ruled between 1353 BC and 1336 BC, and during his reign much changed in his kingdom. In art, Akhenaten's reign also ushered in a decidedly different style. Neighboring kings in the Mediterranean were invited, as were nobles and the general populace. Akhenaten and His Religious-Political Reform By Ji Jank . Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The pharaoh later erased the names of other gods from temples; the reason is unclear. Amenhotep IV continued that practice, but his attention was focused primarily on his connection to Re-Horakhty (Horus of the two horizons or God of the East), an aspect of Re. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Tutors may have included the Egyptian high priest Parennefer (Wennefer); his uncle, the Heliopolitan priest Aanen; and the builder and architect known as Amenhotep son of Hapu. The answers are rooted in uncertainties, leading Egyptologists to long debate the nature of Akhenatens transformation. Hawass writes: Akhenaten did not, however, abandon the rest of the country and retire exclusively to Akhetaten. It is more plausible that these formal exaggerations represent the metamorphic nature of the god Atons light. In the fourth year of his reign, he changed his name to Akhenaten. L04: Reading Quiz (Taking this quiz unlocks Lesson 4.2) Due No due date Points 2 Questions 2 Time Limit None Instructions You This would mark the beginning of the dramatic changes Akhenaten would make to religion in Egypt. Eventually, Akhenaten ordered the building of a new capital to honor Aten and secure the break with tradition he had initiated. Akhenaten chose this name for himself after his conversion to the cult of Aten. As the pharaoh Amenhotep IV, he came to power during the New . At or shortly after the time of his accession, Amenhotep IV seems to have married the chief queen of his reign, Nefertiti. However, in the fifth year, he underwent a dramatic religious transformation, changed his devotion from the cult of Amun to that of Aten, and, for the next twelve years, became famous (or infamous) as the 'heretic king' who abolished the traditional religious rites of Egypt and instituted the first known monotheistic state religion in the world and, according to some, monotheism itself. In an attempt to stop the lingering influence of this discourse, some tentative alternate suggestions are made regarding two areas of this application: 1) Akhenaten's religious reforms and change of capital; 2) The hacking out of Akhenaten's name and the reaction to his rule. The Cast of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever Answer YOUR Questions! Hands offering Aten cartouches , ca. Akhenaten (ca. Freud quotes from James Henry Breasted, the noted archaeologist, that: It is important to notice that his name, Moses, was Egyptian. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Akhenaten, also spelled Akhenaton, Akhnaton, or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, Greek Amenophis, king (1353-36 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the sun's disk (hence his assumed name, Akhenaten, meaning "beneficial to Aton"). The royal family took on a more androgynous appearance that sometimes even obscured the difference between Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti. Eventually, dissatisfied priests and civil officials combined with the army to discredit the new religion. When the pharaoh began openly preferring Aten to Amen-Re, it was a subtle attack on the stature of Amen-Re and the power of its priests. Akhenatens son, Tutankhaten, restored the disgraced Amun as king of the gods, and he renamed himself Tutankhamun to honor Amun. We care about our planet! The most striking changes are seen in the appearance of the royal family. At first, the figures are modeled true to life in a way never seen in Egyptian art before. Chris has an M.A. Akhenaten encouraged artistic inventiveness and realism and the walls of the temples and houses were painted in an eccentric new style. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Akhenaten came to power as the pharaoh of Egypt in either the year 1353 or 1351 BCE and reigned for roughly 17 years during the 18th dynasty of Egypts New Kingdom. However, by Year 9 of his reign Akhenaten declared that Aten was not merely the supreme god, but the only . The Aton temples at Karnak therefore consisted of a series of vast open-air courts in which there was virtually no interior space at all. There is some evidence that he took the legendary beauty Nefertiti as a consort while he was co-king, although she is not acknowledged as queen until after Amenhotep IV began his transformation. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Akhenaten (aka Akhenaton) is one of Ancient Egypt's most controversial and notable pharaohs. 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by when akhenaten comes to power, what are his policies primarily informed by?
Pharaoh Amenhotep IV was one of the most puzzling pharaohs of Egypt, also mentioned as the 'Heretic Pharaoh' or 'Rebel Pharaoh'. Any evidence that Akhenaten involved himself in matters outside of his city at Akhetaten always comes back to self-interest rather than state-interest. - Akhenaten's life may have been threatened. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Books John Bodsworth (CC BY) Akhenaten (r. 1353-1336 BCE) was a pharaoh of 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. The city was built on virgin land in the middle of Egypt facing towards the east and precisely positioned to direct the rays of the morning sun toward temples and doorways. . "Akhenaten." He created a new monotheistic religion devoted to a single god named the Aten. Akhenaten is perhaps one of the most infamous. Whit Schroder Amarna Final.doc. His reign as Amenhotep IV lasted five years during which he followed the policies of his father and the religious traditions of Egypt. Omissions? Akhenaten renamed himself. (5). View L04 Reading Quiz.pdf from PHIL 119 at Pennsylvania State University. For nearly two millennia, Akhenaten danced with insanity. The Cosmic Order used their ultimate might to force peace onto the universe. In this, as in many other aspects of their lives that have come to us through art and texts, Akhenaten and Nefertiti were seen, or at least saw themselves, as deities in their own right. As a god, he seems to have felt that the affairs of state were beneath him and simply stopped attending to his responsibilities. To use the materials on this site please eMail me and ask permission. His legacy of monotheism, however, if Freud and others are correct, influenced other religious thinkers to emulate his ideal of one true god and reject the polytheism which had characterized human religious belief for millennia. This is unsurprising given the fact that the shift throughout Egypt in culture and religion was so immense. Corrections? Aten was the life-giving and life-sustaining power of the sun. He ruled from 1352-1336. pr. Among other things, these state that if he were to die outside of his home city, his body should be brought back and buried in the tomb that was being prepared for him in the eastern cliffs. "Akhenaten: Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt." Brahman. He was the son of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye . The only preserved architecture from Karnak indicates that these courts were flanked by roofed porticos with colossal statues of the king placed against the pillars. Shortly after this first significant step, Akhenaten initiated a series of changes in Egyptian religion, art and writing that appeared to coincide with the jubilees of his deified father, Amenhotep III, and the Aten. Babylon. Since the modern rediscovery of Akhenaten, academics have written countless studies and biographies of this so-called heretic king expounding upon his incendiary nature in ways perhaps best encapsulated by James Henry Breasted: Until Ikhnaton the history of the world had been the irresistible drift of tradition. However, he soon showed his hostility for Amun. According to Egyptian Mythology he descended from the gods who arrived on Earth at the time of Tep Zepi and until today, people still believe that this Pharaoh did, in fact, come from the Stars. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Akhenaten/. License. Much scholarly debate has centred on whether these features reflect the actual appearance of the kingextended by convention to his family and retainersand various theories have been argued about the presumed pathology of Amenhotep IV and what medical conditions might produce the anatomical traits shown. Is usually comprehensive and extensive. The religion of the Aten is not completely understood today. Discover the true identity of Avenger Prime, check out the finale of 'Strange,' get tangled in a 'Dark Web,' and more in this week's comics! With the exception of Ra and Osiris, the worship of Amun was more widespread than that of any other god in the Nile Valley; but the circumstances behind the growth of his cult certainly point to its having been disseminated by political rather than religious propaganda. By the time Amenhotep IV came to power, the priests of Amun were on almost equal standing with the royal house in wealth and influence. There is evidence that, as Amenhotep IV, he carried out building projects in Nubia, and there were temples to the Aten in Memphis and Heliopolis, and possibly elsewhere as well. In just under two decades on the throne, Akhenaten imposed new aspects of Egyptian religion, overhauled its royal artistic style, moved Egypts capital to a previously unoccupied site, implemented a new form of architecture and attempted to obliterate the names and images of some of Egypts traditional gods. Nefertiti means "The beautiful one has come.". Create your account. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. All rights reserved. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. We do know that Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti worshipped only the sun god, and the names of other gods and goddesses were removed from view. Hi Andriana, Great question! The Amarna Letters preserve an inside look at Egyptian diplomacy, revealing how power brokers maneuvered, alliances were forged, and pharaohs were flattered. Perhaps, then, the elongation of the figures in these images was meant to show human transformation when touched by the power of the Aten. the Egyptian capital returned to Thebes and Egyptians resumed their traditional religious worship. Indeed, Amenhotep IV took his father's predilection for the Egyptian sun god, Aten, to new heights. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Apr 2014. That same year Akhenaten moved his capital to a new site some 200 miles (300 km) north of Thebes. What is certain, though, is this new religion elevated the Aten to the position of state deity and centered largely on its worship. While there are, then, examples of Akhenaten looking after state affairs, there are more which substantiate the claim of his disregard for anything other than his religious reforms and life in the palace. Scholars have speculated that he was perhaps a eunuch or a sufferer from a genetic disorder or . Mark, Joshua J.. In Akhenaten, Nicholas Reeves presents an entirely new perspective on the turbulent events of Akhenaten's seventeen-year reign. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. I feel like its a lifeline. Reeves argues that, far from being the idealistic founder of a new . Whether such statues were intended to represent the male and female element combined in the person of the divine king or whether they are simply statues of Nefertiti has not been satisfactorily settled. Travel Grant for Underrepresented Students, Antiquities Endowment Fund (AEF) Projects, Research Supporting Members (RSM) Projects. Since answer choice B refers to the evidence that the argument relies on, let's look at that evidence. (Hawass, 39). Unfortunately, Moses lived around three-hundred years earlier the story of the Exodus covers a period between 1657 and 1512 BCE. Nefertiti was a powerful queen who helped Akhenaten transform the Egyptian religious landscape. Instead of having a detailed pathway for people to follow, shepherded by Osiris, people could only hope to be reawakened in the morning, to bask in the sun's rays. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/akhenaten-4769554. $6.13 11 Used from $4.99 1 New from $19.95 1 Collectible from $14.94. His odd appearance in representations that he commissioned and his preoccupation with worshiping the sun-disc, or Aten, have stimulated a vast amount of academic discussion and controversy for more than . This no doubt had more to do with his desire to keep friendly the buffer states between Egypt and the Land of the Hatti (Canaan and Syria, for example, which were under Abdiashirta's influence) than any sense of justice for the death of Ribaddi and the taking of Byblos. Mark, J. J. In this lesson we explore the reign of Akhenaten, the religiously zealous son of Amenhotep III who tried to initiate a profound shift in Egyptian religion, culture, and governance. In this article, you point out that Akhenaten reined between 1352 and 1336 BCE. To those who came after him in Egypt, however, he was the 'heretic king' and 'the enemy' whose memory needed to be eradicated. His reign is known as the Amarna Period because he moved the capital of Egypt from the traditional site at Thebes to the city he founded, Akhetaten, which came to be known as Amarna (also Tell el-Amarna). The scenes, reconstructed from thousands of individual talatat blocks, portray the royal couple and their eldest daughter, Meritaton, engaged primarily in making offerings to the Aton, although scenes of offering-bearers, cattle designated for slaughter, foreigners in obeisance, and detailed depictions of the royal palace are also abundant. Furthermore, Akhenaten sought to remove the power of the priesthood and so he moved the capital from Thebes to a new ground where he made a new capital for his own god Aten: Akhetaten or El-Amarna. 13521336 B.C. As Dorman (2015) confirms, architectural developments which occurred at this time revolved around the Pharaoh's radical religious . The Aten was not new to the rule of Akhenaten and, prior to his conversion, was simply another cult among the many in ancient Egypt. We know very little about Akhenaten's early life, except that he was born in Egypt's 18th Dynasty at some point in the mid-14th century BCE. Akhenaten took the throne in 1352 or 1353 B.C.E. However he deserves acknowledged for being a revolutionary leader. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Akhenaten attempted to abolish most of the complex mythology of the solar cycleno longer was it a nightly struggle against the forces of evil, nor were there explanations for the existence of sorrow and evil in the world. Tushratta, the king of Mitanni, who had also been a close ally of Egypt, complained that Amenhotep III had sent him statues of gold while Akhenaten only sent gold-plated statues. Mark, published on 17 April 2014. Tutankhamun's successors Ay (1327-1323 BCE) and, especially, Horemheb (c. 1320-1292 BCE) tore down the temples and monuments built by Akhenaten to honor his god and had his name, and the names of his immediate successors, stricken from the record. Those 'old tribal deities' of Egypt, however, had encouraged peace, harmony, and the development of one of the greatest ancient cultures the world has ever known. However, the ancient Egyptians were a deeply religious people who loved their ancient traditions and were not ready to embrace such radical changes. Rise up against Lilith and her forces December 2, 2022. Step One of Akhenaten's plan to refocus Egypt's religious life began shortly after his rise to power in 1349 BCE, when Akhenaten instituted a cult to Aten and renamed himself to reflect this god (Akhenaten meaning "One is effective for the Aten").. They sought local humans to guide each space sector through this transition, and Akhenaten's ruthless leadership history and vision for the future made him an ideal candidate. Unlike the images from other dynasties of Egyptian history, the art from the Amarna Period depicts the royal family with elongated necks and arms and spindly legs. AKHENATON. In the middle of the 14th Century BC, the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten adopted the main worship of a single god, the sun-disk or Aten, eradicating Egyptian traditions that had lasted for millennia and drastically altering the art style to reflect this new freedom of expression. Step Two was enacted when he sent his workers to remove all . It is simply the Egyptian word 'mose' meaning 'child', and is an abridgement of a fuller form of such names as 'Amen-mose' meaning 'Amon-a-child' or 'Ptah-mose' meaning 'Ptah-a-child'and the name Mose, 'child', is not uncommon on the Egyptian monuments. This obsession caused him to relocate Egypt's capital, destroy the Egyptian priesthood, and declare that he alone could communicate with the god, Aten. Akhenaten further reshaped Egypts religious sphere through the persecution of some traditional gods, most notably Amun Egypts state deity for much of the 18th dynasty. Yet no other pharaohsave perhaps his son . Akhenaten's religious fervency had spilled over into other areas as well. Letters to the king discovered in the ruins of Tell el-Amarna, known as the Amarna Letters, show the discontent of the army commanders and high commissioners in Palestine and Syria. (2020, August 28). Amarna Letter from Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and the Royal Family Blessed by Aten. Amenhotep III's adoration of Aten had been in part political; the priests of the previously most-followed god, Amen-Re, had grown quite powerful in 14th-century Egypt. Akhenaten was not the first pharaoh to show interest in the Aten. Hirst, K. Kris. In the 5th year of his reign, Amenhotep IV outlawed the old Egyptian religion and proclaimed himself the living incarnation of a single all-powerful deity known as Aten and, by the 9th year, he had closed all the temples and suppressed religious practices. as pharaoh of the most powerful state of the ancient world: Egypt. Unlike the traditional ritual prescribed for most Egyptian deities, which was carried out in small, darkened sanctuaries in the innermost recesses of their temples, Amenhotep IVs devotion to the Aton was celebrated through the presentation of foodstuffs on large numbers of offering tables and made in open sunlight. By the time of Amenhotep IV, the cult of Amun owned more land than the king. Ruins of Pharaoh Akhenaton's capital Tell el-Amarna (Akhetaten). The king ascended the throne under his birth name, Amenhotep IV, but in his fifth regnal year, he changed his name to one that better reflected his religious ideas (Amenhotep = Amun is satisfied, Akhenaten = Effective for Aten). Tel: 212-535-7710 A varied collection . More simply, the remarkable innovations of Amenhotep IV in several cultural spheres at once may be reasonably viewed as a manifestation of the intimate connection in Egyptian culture between art and religion. Expert Answer. 1379-1336 BCE) was one of the last pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom Egypt, who is known for briefly establishing monotheism in the country.Akhenaten drastically revised the religious and political structure of Egypt, developed new art and architectural styles, and generally caused great chaos during the Middle Bronze Age. The 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt was full of intrigue. The fourth temple built at Karnak in the 4th year of his reign, called Hutbenben "the Temple of the benben stone," is the earliest example of the revolutionary style of the new pharaoh. His priests secretly continued their polytheistic worship. Much has been written about this compelling, controversial pharaoh whose appearanceelongated and effeteis totally at odds with that of the traditional Egyptian ruler. He is also known as 'Akhenaton' or 'Ikhnaton' and also 'Khuenaten', all of which are translated to mean 'successful for' or 'of great use to' the god Aten. Their faces were characterized by large lips, long noses and squinting eyes, and their bodies displayed narrow shoulders and waists, small and somewhat concave torsos and large thighs, buttocks and bellies. The cult of Aton vanished. Some historians have praised Akhenaten's reforms as the first instance of monotheism and the benefits of monotheistic belief, but these reforms were not at all beneficial to the people of Egypt at the time. Percy lives in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, but found his life uprooted upon discovering his true paternity.He has black hair and sea-green eyes. The pharaoh as a servant of the gods, & identified with a certain god was common practice, but no one before Akhenaten had proclaimed himself an actual god. Akhenaten ruled between 1353 BC and 1336 BC, and during his reign much changed in his kingdom. In art, Akhenaten's reign also ushered in a decidedly different style. Neighboring kings in the Mediterranean were invited, as were nobles and the general populace. Akhenaten and His Religious-Political Reform By Ji Jank . Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The pharaoh later erased the names of other gods from temples; the reason is unclear. Amenhotep IV continued that practice, but his attention was focused primarily on his connection to Re-Horakhty (Horus of the two horizons or God of the East), an aspect of Re. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Tutors may have included the Egyptian high priest Parennefer (Wennefer); his uncle, the Heliopolitan priest Aanen; and the builder and architect known as Amenhotep son of Hapu. The answers are rooted in uncertainties, leading Egyptologists to long debate the nature of Akhenatens transformation. Hawass writes: Akhenaten did not, however, abandon the rest of the country and retire exclusively to Akhetaten. It is more plausible that these formal exaggerations represent the metamorphic nature of the god Atons light. In the fourth year of his reign, he changed his name to Akhenaten. L04: Reading Quiz (Taking this quiz unlocks Lesson 4.2) Due No due date Points 2 Questions 2 Time Limit None Instructions You This would mark the beginning of the dramatic changes Akhenaten would make to religion in Egypt. Eventually, Akhenaten ordered the building of a new capital to honor Aten and secure the break with tradition he had initiated. Akhenaten chose this name for himself after his conversion to the cult of Aten. As the pharaoh Amenhotep IV, he came to power during the New . At or shortly after the time of his accession, Amenhotep IV seems to have married the chief queen of his reign, Nefertiti. However, in the fifth year, he underwent a dramatic religious transformation, changed his devotion from the cult of Amun to that of Aten, and, for the next twelve years, became famous (or infamous) as the 'heretic king' who abolished the traditional religious rites of Egypt and instituted the first known monotheistic state religion in the world and, according to some, monotheism itself. In an attempt to stop the lingering influence of this discourse, some tentative alternate suggestions are made regarding two areas of this application: 1) Akhenaten's religious reforms and change of capital; 2) The hacking out of Akhenaten's name and the reaction to his rule. The Cast of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever Answer YOUR Questions! Hands offering Aten cartouches , ca. Akhenaten (ca. Freud quotes from James Henry Breasted, the noted archaeologist, that: It is important to notice that his name, Moses, was Egyptian. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Akhenaten, also spelled Akhenaton, Akhnaton, or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, Greek Amenophis, king (1353-36 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the sun's disk (hence his assumed name, Akhenaten, meaning "beneficial to Aton"). The royal family took on a more androgynous appearance that sometimes even obscured the difference between Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti. Eventually, dissatisfied priests and civil officials combined with the army to discredit the new religion. When the pharaoh began openly preferring Aten to Amen-Re, it was a subtle attack on the stature of Amen-Re and the power of its priests. Akhenatens son, Tutankhaten, restored the disgraced Amun as king of the gods, and he renamed himself Tutankhamun to honor Amun. We care about our planet! The most striking changes are seen in the appearance of the royal family. At first, the figures are modeled true to life in a way never seen in Egyptian art before. Chris has an M.A. Akhenaten encouraged artistic inventiveness and realism and the walls of the temples and houses were painted in an eccentric new style. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Akhenaten came to power as the pharaoh of Egypt in either the year 1353 or 1351 BCE and reigned for roughly 17 years during the 18th dynasty of Egypts New Kingdom. However, by Year 9 of his reign Akhenaten declared that Aten was not merely the supreme god, but the only . The Aton temples at Karnak therefore consisted of a series of vast open-air courts in which there was virtually no interior space at all. There is some evidence that he took the legendary beauty Nefertiti as a consort while he was co-king, although she is not acknowledged as queen until after Amenhotep IV began his transformation. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Akhenaten (aka Akhenaton) is one of Ancient Egypt's most controversial and notable pharaohs. 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