It was a high point for the art of the book and architecture; and also including ceramics, metal, glass, and gardens. This warfare pattern repeated itself under Shah Tahmasp I and Sultan Suleiman I. [235] The ingenuity of the square, or Maidn, was that, by building it, Shah Abbas would gather the three main components of power in Iran in his own backyard; the power of the clergy, represented by the Masjed-e Shah, the power of the merchants, represented by the Imperial Bazaar, and of course, the power of the Shah himself, residing in the Ali Qapu Palace. However, the brief puppet regime of Ismail III ended in 1760 when Karim Khan felt strong enough to take nominal power of the country as well and officially end the Safavid dynasty. In the previous century, Russia Muscovy had deposed two western Asian khanates of the Golden Horde and expanded its influence into the Caucasus Mountains and Central Asia. The Safiviyeh came to be led by a fifteen-year old, Ismail I. In 1527 Tahmsp demonstrated his desire by shooting an arrow at Div Soltn before the assembled court. Later, during the Safavid and especially Qajar period, the Shii Ulema's power increased and they were able to exercise a role, independent of or compatible with the government. The kingdom further extended its territory to include overseas lands that were acquired through declarations of loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan and caliph. One of the strikingly significant things about the Safavid dynasty--a religious order that over the centuries took on military and political elements--is the many wars that were fought. It was perhaps to perpetuate the distinction of Persian from Arabic culture that attracted the Iranians towards Shi'a Islamthe heartland and sacred sites of Sunni Islam would always be in the Arabian peninsula. On Tahmsps death support for a successor coalesced around two of his nine sons; the support divided on ethnic linesIsmail was supported by most of the Turkmen tribes as well as his sister Pari Khn Khnum, her Circassian uncle Shamkhal Sultan as well as the rest of the Circassians, while Haydar was mostly supported by the Georgians at court although he also had support from the Turkmen Ustajlu. Ali Quli Khan Shamlu, the lala of Abbas and Ismail II's man in Herat proclaimed Abbas shah there April 1581. The dynasty began as a Sufi order but evolved into a major gunpowder empire. His History of Shah Abbas the Great written a few years after its subject's death, achieved a nuanced depth of history and character. The Shah himself exercised his own measures for keeping his ministers under control by fostering an atmosphere of rivalry and competitive surveillance. Since two other sons had predeceased him, when he died on January 19, 1629, he had no son capable of succeeding him. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad, in 1623, but lost it again to Murad IV in 1638. Lack of investment in ship building and the navy provided the Europeans with the opportunity to monopolize this trading route. According to historian Roger Savory, "Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power. Their hairstyle was simple, the hair gathered back in tresses, often adorned at the ends with pearls and clusters of jewels. Later, he conquered territories as far as east as Delhi, but did not fortify his Persian base and eventually, he exhausted his army's strength. [187] To ensure transparency and avoid decisions being made that circumvented the Shah, a complex system of bureaucracy and departmental procedures had been put in place that prevented fraud. [6] It appears that with the advent of the Mughal empire, the harem began to directly exert political power. A third route was therefore devised which circumvented Ottoman territory. In September of that year, Tahmasp and Bayezid were enjoying a banquet at Tabriz when Tahmasp suddenly pretended he had received news that the Ottoman prince was engaged in a plot against his life. Henceforth, a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin, was established, delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. ThoughtCo. The Portuguese Empire and the discovery of the trading route around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 not only hit a death blow to Venice as a trading nation, but it also hurt the trade that was going on along the Silk Road and especially the Persian Gulf. The Uzbeks struck in the Spring of 1578 but were repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, governor of Mashhad. The period of the Safavids, the dynasty that took control of Persia in the early 16th century, is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history, just as the state they created is said to mark the genesis of the Persian nation-state. In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Safavid Empire Islamic Medicine John Hunter Louis Pasteur Germ Theory Lung Cancer Mass Vaccination Medicine on the Western Front Medieval Surgery Modern Medicine Public Health Acts Public Health in Early Modern Britain The Black Death The Pharmaceutical Industry Theory of the Four Humours Welfare Reforms Spread of Islam Abd al-Malik Abu Bakr Although already by the early years of king Abbas' reign (r. 15881629) they were no longer controlling the state, the Turkoman Qizilbash continued to provide many of the senior army officers and to fill important administrative and ceremonial offices in the royal household. They were costly because of the widespread trade in them, including to Turkey and India. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Thus Abbas was able to break dependence on the Qizilbash for military might indefinitely, and therefore was able to fully centralize control for the first time since the foundation of the Safavid state. . Safavid dynasty, (15011736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Twelver Shiism as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country. They were of Kurdish Persian decent with unique customs. [84] According to the Encyclopdia Iranica, this would be as well the starting point for the corps of the olmn-e a-ye-e arifa, or royal slaves, who would dominate the Safavid military for most of the empire's length, and would form a crucial part of the third force. During the first 30 years of his long reign, he was able to suppress the internal divisions by exerting control over a strengthened central military force. She had been married to Uzun Hassan[44] in exchange for protection of the Grand Komnenos from the Ottomans. Despite the reforms, the Qizilbash would remain the strongest and most effective element within the military, accounting for more than half of its total strength. Savory, R, Iran under the Safavids, p. 66. Omissions? Between 1508 and 1524, the year of Ismail's death, the shah appointed five successive Persians to the office of vakil. [190], Next in authority were the generals: the General of the Royal Troops (the Shahsevans), General of the Musketeers, General of the Ghulams and The Master of Artillery. The Safavid Empire lasted from 1501-1722. By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east were driven across the Oxus River where they captured Samarkand establishing the Shaibanid dynasty, and from which they would continue to attack the Safavids. [75] Temporary terms were followed by the Peace of Amasya in June 1555, ending the war with the Ottomans for the next two decades. There probably did not exist any parliament, as we know them today. Adam Olearius, "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors" (excerpts). Safavid history begins with the establishment of the Safaviyya by its eponymous founder Safi-ad-din Ardabili (12521334). [224][225][226], In the long term, however, the seaborne trade route was of less significance to the Persians than was the traditional Silk Road. The Safavids (Persian: ) were a native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty in the early modern period. Indeed, this had been the situation throughout Persian history, even before the Safavids, ever since the Arab conquest. [83] In turn, many of these transplanted women became wives and concubines of Tahmsp, and the Safavid harem emerged as a competitive, and sometimes lethal, arena of ethnic politics as cliques of Turkmen, Circassian, and Georgian women and courtiers vied with each other for the shahs attention.[83]. The Safavid Empire was less ethnically diverse than the Ottoman Empire. This form of Turkish was also the mother-tongue of Shah Abbas, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Iran&oldid=1128652747, Shahsevans: these were 12,000 strong and built up from the small group of, Ghulams: Tahmasp I had started introducing huge amounts of, Musketeers: realizing the advantages that the Ottomans had because of their firearms, Shah Abbas was at pains to equip both the qurchi and the ghulam soldiers with up-to-date weaponry. The term dowlat, which in modern Persian means "government", was then an abstract term meaning "bliss" or "felicity", and it began to be used as concrete sense of the Safavid state, reflecting the view that the people had of their ruler, as someone elevated above humanity. [141], Due to his obsessive fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. [197] In time, this proved to become a burden to the people that were under the direct rule of the Shah, as these commissioners, unlike the former governors, had little knowledge about the local communities that they controlled and were primarily interested in increasing the income of the Shah. However, they were different in that while the women's freedom decreased after Shah Abbas' death, the women of Mughal Empire had their freedom unrestricted until the end of the Mughal Empire. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. The Europeans began to be fascinated by the Iranians and their culture Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (160102), for example, makes two references (at II.5 and III.4) to 'the Sophy', then the English term for the Shahs of Iran. The Safavids thus set in train a struggle for power between the turban and the crown that is to say, between the proponents of secular government and the proponents of a theocratic government; third, they laid the foundation of alliance between the religious classes ('Ulama') and the bazaar which played an important role both in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 19051906, and again in the Islamic Revolution of 1979; fourth the policies introduced by Shah Abbas I conduced to a more centralized administrative system. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. Unlike Usulis, Akhbari did and do not follow marjas who practice ijtihad. Later, Shah Abbas I moved the capital even deeper into central Iran, to the city of Isfahan, building a new city next to the ancient Persian one. Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands which sought Persian carpet, silk and textiles. By 1595, Allahverdi Khan, a Georgian, became one of the most powerful men in the Safavid state, when he was appointed the Governor-General of Fars, one of the richest provinces in Iran. Pari Khn Khnum, sister of Ismail and Mohammad, hoped to act as regent for any of the three (including her older brother, who was nearly blind). They outlawed it at the turn of the century. Each element constituted 20 percent of the crop production, and if, for instance, the farmer provided the labour force and the animals, he would be entitled to 40 percent of the earnings. "afavid Dynasty". Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-safavid-empire-195397. [29] The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Iran, as well as spreading Sha Islam in major parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia, the Persian Gulf, and Mesopotamia.[29][31]. In spite of all this, however, the general population of Iran remained mostly Sunni until the Safavid period. Traditional architecture evolved in its patterns and methods leaving its impact on the architecture of the following periods. Roemer, H.R. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia. They in turn would be replaced by the Shamlu, whose amir, Husain Khan, became the chief adviser. -Did a lot of things to improve and ruin the empire. There are many reasons as to why the empire was as successful as it was, but some of them include its very strong and organized military and its centralized political structure. Consequently, they were slowly able to take on administrative jobs in areas which had hitherto been the exclusive preserve of the ethnic Persians.[168]. The fourth vakil was murdered by the Qizilbash, and the fifth was put to death by them. In the first years of the 16th century, the Safavids founded a dynasty that conquered what is now IRAN. The Safavid rulers were a Sufi religious order that dated back to the mid 1200s when Sheikh Safi od-Din Ardabili was alive. They would thus retain the official ownership and secure their land from being confiscated by royal commissioners or local governors, as long as a percentage of the revenues from the land went to the ulama. "Review of Emile Janssens'. [180], The Akhbari movement "crystalized" as a "separate movement" with the writings of Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi (died 1627 AD). This Bakhtrioni Uprising was successfully defeated under personal direction of Shah Abbas II himself. . Not only did the invasions bring about the end of the Abbasid empire and leave the centre of eastern Islamdom fractured, but the arrival of new Turkic peoples and dynasties throughout much of Islamdom shifted the axes of power into the hands of Turkic clans. Thus came the term "Turk and Tajik" to describe the Persianate, or Turko-Persian, nature of many dynasties which ruled over Greater Iran between the 12th and 20th centuries, in that these dynasties promoted and helped continue the dominant Persian linguistic and cultural identity of their states, although the dynasties themselves were of non-Persian (e.g. Although no one could have bristled more at the power grab of his "mentor" Murshid Quli Khan, he rounded up the leaders of a plot to assassinate the wakl and had them executed. [195] Abbas himself was able to speak Georgian as well. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. The primary court language [with Abbas I's reign (r. 15881629)] remained Turkish. He was eventually successful in making the eastern Georgian territories an integral part of the Safavid provinces. At the apex of this system was the Shah, with total power over the state, legitimized by his bloodline as a sayyid, or descendant of Muhammad. In 1619 he appointed the loyal Simon II (or Semayun Khan) on the symbolic throne of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule of districts where rebellious inhabitants were mostly located. In this period, handicrafts such as tile making, pottery and textiles developed and great advances were made in miniature painting, bookbinding, decoration and calligraphy. [242] As such, the status of medicine in the Safavid period did not change much, and relied as much on these works as ever before. "The Safavid Empire of Persia." Ismail I, brought in mainstream Twelver Shi'a religious leaders and granted them land and money in return for loyalty. Henceforth a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin known as the Treaty of Zuhab was established delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, a border which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. In a number of ways the Safavids affected the development of the modern Iranian state: first, they ensured the continuance of various ancient and traditional Persian institutions, and transmitted these in a strengthened, or more 'national', form; second, by imposing Ithna 'Ashari Shi'a Islam on Iran as the official religion of the Safavid state, they enhanced the power of mujtahids. The Mughals adhered (for the most part) to a tolerant Sunni Islam while ruling a largely Hindu population. Stanford Jay Shaw. During the reign of Shah Abbas I, as he tried to upgrade the Silk Road to improve the commercial prosperity of the Empire, an abundance of caravanserais, bridges, bazaars and roads were built, and this strategy was followed by wealthy merchants who also profited from the increase in trade. The works of al-Razi (86592) (known to the West as Razes) were still used in European universities as standard textbooks of alchemy, pharmacology and pediatrics. Though that language might generally be identified as Middle Azerbaijanian, it is not yet possible to define exactly the limits of this language, both in linguistic and territorial respects. Among luminaries of this school of philosophy, the names of Iranian philosophers such as Mir Damad, Mir Fendereski, Shaykh Bahai and Mohsen Fayz Kashani standout. [90] Shortly after the installation of Ismail II on August 22, 1576, Haydar was beheaded. He expanded commercial links with the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company. This military force would serve the shah only and eventually consisted of four separate branches:[202]. . A new age in Iranian architecture began with the rise of the Safavid dynasty. [67] In the absence of a charismatic, messianic rallying figure like the young Ismail, the tribal leaders reclaimed their traditional prerogative and threatened to return to the time of local warlords. According to traveller Jean Chardin, for example, farmers in Iran had higher living standards than farmers in the most fertile European countries. Both corps of musketeers and artillerymen totaled 12,000 men. The Ottoman-Safavid War of 1623-1639 was the last of a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia. Distinctive monuments like the Sheikh Lotfallah (1618), Hasht Behesht (Eight Paradise Palace) (1469) and the Chahar Bagh School (1714) appeared in Isfahan and other cities. [223] The Persians were also active in the Aceh Sultanate, the Brunei Sultanate, the Demak Sultanate, and Dai Viet. In July 1501 Isml was enthroned as shah, although his area of control was initially limited to Azerbaijan. Georgians in the Safavid Administration", The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 16001730, "The Safavids and Mughal Relations with the Deccan States", "Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present", "Cetbang, Teknologi Senjata Api Andalan Majapahit", "CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iv. [201], Criminal justice was entirely separate from civil law and was judged upon common law administered through the Minister of Justice, local governors and the Court minister (the Nazir). [121] Raised at the court in Isfahan and a Muslim, he was fully loyal to the shah. Geographical discoveries, in general, and bypassing the Cape of Good Hope, in particular, in South Africa, changed traditional trade routes in Iran's international trade. Who were Safavids? the peace treaty signed between the ottoman empire and the safavid empire on may 17, 1639, after the conquest of baghdad, which had been in the hands of the iranians for 14 years as a result of murat's baghdad campaign, ending the 1623-1639 ottoman-safavid war and determining the current turkey-iran border.13 from a general point of view, it This clearly differentiated Iran from the Ottomans, who were Sunnis. The carpets of Ardabil were commissioned to commemorate the Safavid dynasty. His primary job was to appoint and supervise all the officials of the household and to be their contact with the Shah. The status of physicians during the Safavids stood as high as ever. Tobacco grew all over the country and was as strong as that grown in Brazil. Suleiman's favourite wife, Hrrem Sultan, was eager for her son, Selim, to become the next sultan. Although in those campaigns (and in 1554) the Ottomans captured Tabriz, they lacked a communications line sufficient to occupy it for long. Blow, David. In describing the lady's clothing, he noted that Persian dress revealed more of the figure than did the European, but that women appeared differently depending on whether they were at home in the presence of friends and family, or if they were in the public. Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Iranian carpets, silk, and textiles. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. "[citation needed] At that time, the most powerful dynasty in Iran was that of the Kara Koyunlu, the "Black Sheep", whose ruler Jahan Shah ordered Junyd to leave Ardabil or else he would bring destruction and ruin upon the city. In 1511, the ahkulu rebellion was a widespread pro-Shia and pro-Safavid uprising directed against the Ottoman Empire from within the empire. But the Portuguese ambassador to the Safavids, De Gouvea, still mentions the Council of State[188] in his records, which perhaps was a term for governmental gatherings of the time. Iran's neighbors seized the opportunity to attack. We will write a custom Essay on The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page 808 certified writers online Learn More Introduction All empires, no matter how great they are, inevitably have to experience the same cycle of gradual development, the possible rise, and the inevitable downfall. [133] Abbas's attitude, however, was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller Anthony Jenkinson from his court on hearing he was a Christian. The revenue came not so much from exports, as from the custom charges and transit dues levied on goods passing through the country. Quickly making a name as a military genius both feared and respected amongst the empire's friends and enemies (including Iran's archrival the Ottoman Empire, and Russia; both empires Nader would deal with soon afterwards), Nader Shah easily defeated the Afghan Hotaki forces in the 1729 Battle of Damghan.
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It was a high point for the art of the book and architecture; and also including ceramics, metal, glass, and gardens. This warfare pattern repeated itself under Shah Tahmasp I and Sultan Suleiman I. [235] The ingenuity of the square, or Maidn, was that, by building it, Shah Abbas would gather the three main components of power in Iran in his own backyard; the power of the clergy, represented by the Masjed-e Shah, the power of the merchants, represented by the Imperial Bazaar, and of course, the power of the Shah himself, residing in the Ali Qapu Palace. However, the brief puppet regime of Ismail III ended in 1760 when Karim Khan felt strong enough to take nominal power of the country as well and officially end the Safavid dynasty. In the previous century, Russia Muscovy had deposed two western Asian khanates of the Golden Horde and expanded its influence into the Caucasus Mountains and Central Asia. The Safiviyeh came to be led by a fifteen-year old, Ismail I. In 1527 Tahmsp demonstrated his desire by shooting an arrow at Div Soltn before the assembled court. Later, during the Safavid and especially Qajar period, the Shii Ulema's power increased and they were able to exercise a role, independent of or compatible with the government. The kingdom further extended its territory to include overseas lands that were acquired through declarations of loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan and caliph. One of the strikingly significant things about the Safavid dynasty--a religious order that over the centuries took on military and political elements--is the many wars that were fought. It was perhaps to perpetuate the distinction of Persian from Arabic culture that attracted the Iranians towards Shi'a Islamthe heartland and sacred sites of Sunni Islam would always be in the Arabian peninsula. On Tahmsps death support for a successor coalesced around two of his nine sons; the support divided on ethnic linesIsmail was supported by most of the Turkmen tribes as well as his sister Pari Khn Khnum, her Circassian uncle Shamkhal Sultan as well as the rest of the Circassians, while Haydar was mostly supported by the Georgians at court although he also had support from the Turkmen Ustajlu. Ali Quli Khan Shamlu, the lala of Abbas and Ismail II's man in Herat proclaimed Abbas shah there April 1581. The dynasty began as a Sufi order but evolved into a major gunpowder empire. His History of Shah Abbas the Great written a few years after its subject's death, achieved a nuanced depth of history and character. The Shah himself exercised his own measures for keeping his ministers under control by fostering an atmosphere of rivalry and competitive surveillance. Since two other sons had predeceased him, when he died on January 19, 1629, he had no son capable of succeeding him. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad, in 1623, but lost it again to Murad IV in 1638. Lack of investment in ship building and the navy provided the Europeans with the opportunity to monopolize this trading route. According to historian Roger Savory, "Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power. Their hairstyle was simple, the hair gathered back in tresses, often adorned at the ends with pearls and clusters of jewels. Later, he conquered territories as far as east as Delhi, but did not fortify his Persian base and eventually, he exhausted his army's strength. [187] To ensure transparency and avoid decisions being made that circumvented the Shah, a complex system of bureaucracy and departmental procedures had been put in place that prevented fraud. [6] It appears that with the advent of the Mughal empire, the harem began to directly exert political power. A third route was therefore devised which circumvented Ottoman territory. In September of that year, Tahmasp and Bayezid were enjoying a banquet at Tabriz when Tahmasp suddenly pretended he had received news that the Ottoman prince was engaged in a plot against his life. Henceforth, a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin, was established, delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. ThoughtCo. The Portuguese Empire and the discovery of the trading route around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 not only hit a death blow to Venice as a trading nation, but it also hurt the trade that was going on along the Silk Road and especially the Persian Gulf. The Uzbeks struck in the Spring of 1578 but were repelled by Murtaza Quli Sultan, governor of Mashhad. The period of the Safavids, the dynasty that took control of Persia in the early 16th century, is often considered the beginning of modern Persian history, just as the state they created is said to mark the genesis of the Persian nation-state. In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Safavid Empire Islamic Medicine John Hunter Louis Pasteur Germ Theory Lung Cancer Mass Vaccination Medicine on the Western Front Medieval Surgery Modern Medicine Public Health Acts Public Health in Early Modern Britain The Black Death The Pharmaceutical Industry Theory of the Four Humours Welfare Reforms Spread of Islam Abd al-Malik Abu Bakr Although already by the early years of king Abbas' reign (r. 15881629) they were no longer controlling the state, the Turkoman Qizilbash continued to provide many of the senior army officers and to fill important administrative and ceremonial offices in the royal household. They were costly because of the widespread trade in them, including to Turkey and India. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Thus Abbas was able to break dependence on the Qizilbash for military might indefinitely, and therefore was able to fully centralize control for the first time since the foundation of the Safavid state. . Safavid dynasty, (15011736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Twelver Shiism as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country. They were of Kurdish Persian decent with unique customs. [84] According to the Encyclopdia Iranica, this would be as well the starting point for the corps of the olmn-e a-ye-e arifa, or royal slaves, who would dominate the Safavid military for most of the empire's length, and would form a crucial part of the third force. During the first 30 years of his long reign, he was able to suppress the internal divisions by exerting control over a strengthened central military force. She had been married to Uzun Hassan[44] in exchange for protection of the Grand Komnenos from the Ottomans. Despite the reforms, the Qizilbash would remain the strongest and most effective element within the military, accounting for more than half of its total strength. Savory, R, Iran under the Safavids, p. 66. Omissions? Between 1508 and 1524, the year of Ismail's death, the shah appointed five successive Persians to the office of vakil. [190], Next in authority were the generals: the General of the Royal Troops (the Shahsevans), General of the Musketeers, General of the Ghulams and The Master of Artillery. The Safavid Empire lasted from 1501-1722. By 1511, the Uzbeks in the north-east were driven across the Oxus River where they captured Samarkand establishing the Shaibanid dynasty, and from which they would continue to attack the Safavids. [75] Temporary terms were followed by the Peace of Amasya in June 1555, ending the war with the Ottomans for the next two decades. There probably did not exist any parliament, as we know them today. Adam Olearius, "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors" (excerpts). Safavid history begins with the establishment of the Safaviyya by its eponymous founder Safi-ad-din Ardabili (12521334). [224][225][226], In the long term, however, the seaborne trade route was of less significance to the Persians than was the traditional Silk Road. The Safavids (Persian: ) were a native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736, and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty in the early modern period. Indeed, this had been the situation throughout Persian history, even before the Safavids, ever since the Arab conquest. [83] In turn, many of these transplanted women became wives and concubines of Tahmsp, and the Safavid harem emerged as a competitive, and sometimes lethal, arena of ethnic politics as cliques of Turkmen, Circassian, and Georgian women and courtiers vied with each other for the shahs attention.[83]. The Safavid Empire was less ethnically diverse than the Ottoman Empire. This form of Turkish was also the mother-tongue of Shah Abbas, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_Iran&oldid=1128652747, Shahsevans: these were 12,000 strong and built up from the small group of, Ghulams: Tahmasp I had started introducing huge amounts of, Musketeers: realizing the advantages that the Ottomans had because of their firearms, Shah Abbas was at pains to equip both the qurchi and the ghulam soldiers with up-to-date weaponry. The term dowlat, which in modern Persian means "government", was then an abstract term meaning "bliss" or "felicity", and it began to be used as concrete sense of the Safavid state, reflecting the view that the people had of their ruler, as someone elevated above humanity. [141], Due to his obsessive fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. [197] In time, this proved to become a burden to the people that were under the direct rule of the Shah, as these commissioners, unlike the former governors, had little knowledge about the local communities that they controlled and were primarily interested in increasing the income of the Shah. However, they were different in that while the women's freedom decreased after Shah Abbas' death, the women of Mughal Empire had their freedom unrestricted until the end of the Mughal Empire. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. The Europeans began to be fascinated by the Iranians and their culture Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (160102), for example, makes two references (at II.5 and III.4) to 'the Sophy', then the English term for the Shahs of Iran. The Safavids thus set in train a struggle for power between the turban and the crown that is to say, between the proponents of secular government and the proponents of a theocratic government; third, they laid the foundation of alliance between the religious classes ('Ulama') and the bazaar which played an important role both in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 19051906, and again in the Islamic Revolution of 1979; fourth the policies introduced by Shah Abbas I conduced to a more centralized administrative system. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. Unlike Usulis, Akhbari did and do not follow marjas who practice ijtihad. Later, Shah Abbas I moved the capital even deeper into central Iran, to the city of Isfahan, building a new city next to the ancient Persian one. Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands which sought Persian carpet, silk and textiles. By 1595, Allahverdi Khan, a Georgian, became one of the most powerful men in the Safavid state, when he was appointed the Governor-General of Fars, one of the richest provinces in Iran. Pari Khn Khnum, sister of Ismail and Mohammad, hoped to act as regent for any of the three (including her older brother, who was nearly blind). They outlawed it at the turn of the century. Each element constituted 20 percent of the crop production, and if, for instance, the farmer provided the labour force and the animals, he would be entitled to 40 percent of the earnings. "afavid Dynasty". Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-safavid-empire-195397. [29] The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Iran, as well as spreading Sha Islam in major parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia, the Persian Gulf, and Mesopotamia.[29][31]. In spite of all this, however, the general population of Iran remained mostly Sunni until the Safavid period. Traditional architecture evolved in its patterns and methods leaving its impact on the architecture of the following periods. Roemer, H.R. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia. They in turn would be replaced by the Shamlu, whose amir, Husain Khan, became the chief adviser. -Did a lot of things to improve and ruin the empire. There are many reasons as to why the empire was as successful as it was, but some of them include its very strong and organized military and its centralized political structure. Consequently, they were slowly able to take on administrative jobs in areas which had hitherto been the exclusive preserve of the ethnic Persians.[168]. The fourth vakil was murdered by the Qizilbash, and the fifth was put to death by them. In the first years of the 16th century, the Safavids founded a dynasty that conquered what is now IRAN. The Safavid rulers were a Sufi religious order that dated back to the mid 1200s when Sheikh Safi od-Din Ardabili was alive. They would thus retain the official ownership and secure their land from being confiscated by royal commissioners or local governors, as long as a percentage of the revenues from the land went to the ulama. "Review of Emile Janssens'. [180], The Akhbari movement "crystalized" as a "separate movement" with the writings of Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi (died 1627 AD). This Bakhtrioni Uprising was successfully defeated under personal direction of Shah Abbas II himself. . Not only did the invasions bring about the end of the Abbasid empire and leave the centre of eastern Islamdom fractured, but the arrival of new Turkic peoples and dynasties throughout much of Islamdom shifted the axes of power into the hands of Turkic clans. Thus came the term "Turk and Tajik" to describe the Persianate, or Turko-Persian, nature of many dynasties which ruled over Greater Iran between the 12th and 20th centuries, in that these dynasties promoted and helped continue the dominant Persian linguistic and cultural identity of their states, although the dynasties themselves were of non-Persian (e.g. Although no one could have bristled more at the power grab of his "mentor" Murshid Quli Khan, he rounded up the leaders of a plot to assassinate the wakl and had them executed. [195] Abbas himself was able to speak Georgian as well. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. The primary court language [with Abbas I's reign (r. 15881629)] remained Turkish. He was eventually successful in making the eastern Georgian territories an integral part of the Safavid provinces. At the apex of this system was the Shah, with total power over the state, legitimized by his bloodline as a sayyid, or descendant of Muhammad. In 1619 he appointed the loyal Simon II (or Semayun Khan) on the symbolic throne of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule of districts where rebellious inhabitants were mostly located. In this period, handicrafts such as tile making, pottery and textiles developed and great advances were made in miniature painting, bookbinding, decoration and calligraphy. [242] As such, the status of medicine in the Safavid period did not change much, and relied as much on these works as ever before. "The Safavid Empire of Persia." Ismail I, brought in mainstream Twelver Shi'a religious leaders and granted them land and money in return for loyalty. Henceforth a treaty, signed in Qasr-e Shirin known as the Treaty of Zuhab was established delineating a border between Iran and Turkey in 1639, a border which still stands in northwest Iran/southeast Turkey. In a number of ways the Safavids affected the development of the modern Iranian state: first, they ensured the continuance of various ancient and traditional Persian institutions, and transmitted these in a strengthened, or more 'national', form; second, by imposing Ithna 'Ashari Shi'a Islam on Iran as the official religion of the Safavid state, they enhanced the power of mujtahids. The Mughals adhered (for the most part) to a tolerant Sunni Islam while ruling a largely Hindu population. Stanford Jay Shaw. During the reign of Shah Abbas I, as he tried to upgrade the Silk Road to improve the commercial prosperity of the Empire, an abundance of caravanserais, bridges, bazaars and roads were built, and this strategy was followed by wealthy merchants who also profited from the increase in trade. The works of al-Razi (86592) (known to the West as Razes) were still used in European universities as standard textbooks of alchemy, pharmacology and pediatrics. Though that language might generally be identified as Middle Azerbaijanian, it is not yet possible to define exactly the limits of this language, both in linguistic and territorial respects. Among luminaries of this school of philosophy, the names of Iranian philosophers such as Mir Damad, Mir Fendereski, Shaykh Bahai and Mohsen Fayz Kashani standout. [90] Shortly after the installation of Ismail II on August 22, 1576, Haydar was beheaded. He expanded commercial links with the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company. This military force would serve the shah only and eventually consisted of four separate branches:[202]. . A new age in Iranian architecture began with the rise of the Safavid dynasty. [67] In the absence of a charismatic, messianic rallying figure like the young Ismail, the tribal leaders reclaimed their traditional prerogative and threatened to return to the time of local warlords. According to traveller Jean Chardin, for example, farmers in Iran had higher living standards than farmers in the most fertile European countries. Both corps of musketeers and artillerymen totaled 12,000 men. The Ottoman-Safavid War of 1623-1639 was the last of a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia. Distinctive monuments like the Sheikh Lotfallah (1618), Hasht Behesht (Eight Paradise Palace) (1469) and the Chahar Bagh School (1714) appeared in Isfahan and other cities. [223] The Persians were also active in the Aceh Sultanate, the Brunei Sultanate, the Demak Sultanate, and Dai Viet. In July 1501 Isml was enthroned as shah, although his area of control was initially limited to Azerbaijan. Georgians in the Safavid Administration", The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 16001730, "The Safavids and Mughal Relations with the Deccan States", "Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present", "Cetbang, Teknologi Senjata Api Andalan Majapahit", "CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iv. [201], Criminal justice was entirely separate from civil law and was judged upon common law administered through the Minister of Justice, local governors and the Court minister (the Nazir). [121] Raised at the court in Isfahan and a Muslim, he was fully loyal to the shah. Geographical discoveries, in general, and bypassing the Cape of Good Hope, in particular, in South Africa, changed traditional trade routes in Iran's international trade. Who were Safavids? the peace treaty signed between the ottoman empire and the safavid empire on may 17, 1639, after the conquest of baghdad, which had been in the hands of the iranians for 14 years as a result of murat's baghdad campaign, ending the 1623-1639 ottoman-safavid war and determining the current turkey-iran border.13 from a general point of view, it This clearly differentiated Iran from the Ottomans, who were Sunnis. The carpets of Ardabil were commissioned to commemorate the Safavid dynasty. His primary job was to appoint and supervise all the officials of the household and to be their contact with the Shah. The status of physicians during the Safavids stood as high as ever. Tobacco grew all over the country and was as strong as that grown in Brazil. Suleiman's favourite wife, Hrrem Sultan, was eager for her son, Selim, to become the next sultan. Although in those campaigns (and in 1554) the Ottomans captured Tabriz, they lacked a communications line sufficient to occupy it for long. Blow, David. In describing the lady's clothing, he noted that Persian dress revealed more of the figure than did the European, but that women appeared differently depending on whether they were at home in the presence of friends and family, or if they were in the public. Abbas I also supported direct trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Iranian carpets, silk, and textiles. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. "[citation needed] At that time, the most powerful dynasty in Iran was that of the Kara Koyunlu, the "Black Sheep", whose ruler Jahan Shah ordered Junyd to leave Ardabil or else he would bring destruction and ruin upon the city. In 1511, the ahkulu rebellion was a widespread pro-Shia and pro-Safavid uprising directed against the Ottoman Empire from within the empire. But the Portuguese ambassador to the Safavids, De Gouvea, still mentions the Council of State[188] in his records, which perhaps was a term for governmental gatherings of the time. Iran's neighbors seized the opportunity to attack. We will write a custom Essay on The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page 808 certified writers online Learn More Introduction All empires, no matter how great they are, inevitably have to experience the same cycle of gradual development, the possible rise, and the inevitable downfall. [133] Abbas's attitude, however, was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller Anthony Jenkinson from his court on hearing he was a Christian. The revenue came not so much from exports, as from the custom charges and transit dues levied on goods passing through the country. Quickly making a name as a military genius both feared and respected amongst the empire's friends and enemies (including Iran's archrival the Ottoman Empire, and Russia; both empires Nader would deal with soon afterwards), Nader Shah easily defeated the Afghan Hotaki forces in the 1729 Battle of Damghan.
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