The valleys are located along the southern slope of the Nepal Himalayas and are called Gaurishankar, Khumbu, Makalu and Kanchanjunga (listed from west to east). The strongest daytime near-surface winds in the valleys are found around the valley centre lines (white dashed lines in Fig.5) and have magnitudes of up to 10ms1. The calculated error metrics for the comparison are presented in Table2. Manage deliveries with confidence by using tools that help you route accordingly. Soc. Wang, W., Long, C., Chelliah, M., Xue, Y., Huang, B., Schemm, J.-K., Disappointed tennis fans huddled in groups at vendors selling hot drinks and food, and under whatever shelter they could find to wait out . Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cucurull, L., Reynolds, R.W., Rutledge, G., and and Collins, W.D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Figure4 shows the 400hPa wind in the outer domain (d01) in the WRF simulation at 12:00LT (noon) on 1821December2014. Please use Geocoder API if you need automatic convert city names and zip-codes to geo coordinates and the other way around. This work is distributed under, Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The land surface scheme used in the simulation was the Unified Noah land surface model (Tewari etal.,2004). 2018.a, b, c, Collier, E. and Immerzeel, W.W.: High-resolution modeling of atmospheric Serafin, S. and Zardi, D.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes Related to Slope Dynam., 8, 507528, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-507-2017, 2017.a, b, kkeene44: Finalize WRFV4.4.2 by merging release-v4.4.2 branch onto master, Github [data set], https://github.com/wrf-model/WRF (last access: 11 January 2023), 2022.a, Lai, Y., Chen, X., Ma, Y., Chen, D., and Zhaxi, S.: Impacts of the Westerlies Shea, J., Wagnon, P., Immerzeel, W., Biron, R., Brun, F., and Pellicciotti, F.: The Weather Research and Forecasting model is run with a 1km horizontal grid spacing covering a 4d period in December2014. The OpenWeatherMap weather integrations uses OpenWeatherMap as a source for current meteorological data for your location. Although the large-scale flow during the studied 4d period is similar to the 40-year climatology, the results are subject to uncertainty, due to the short simulation period, and may not be valid under different or more time-variable large-scale forcing. I would like to follow your blog frequently. After losing the first set 6-3, Thompson snared a break to claim a 3-1 lead when the umpire announced play would be paused. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science since 2014. Giovannini, L., Antonacci, G., Zardi, D., Laiti, L., and Panziera, L.: These two group of valleys can be separated by their topographical characteristics: the valleys in the west have a continuous inclination in the valley floor, and there is a 1km high perpendicular mountain barrier between the valley entrance and the plain; the valleys in the east have a 40 (Makalu) and 60km (Kanchanjunga) portion with a flat valley floor from the open valley entrance into the valley. Similarly, the vertical extent of the amplified diurnal cycle of potential temperature is based on the model level at which the daily range in potential temperature is the same as over the plain (not shown, but three model levels are shown in Fig.11). If you need to actually have the Item state be km/h without using Units of Measure to convert between units, you need to create a proxy Item and a Rule to post the km/h value to the Proxy Item. If you want to know more the Stack Overflow answers have explanations along with comments for what the magic numbers represent. G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., DeChiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Such a Great Article!! We now attempt to understand the differences in the daytime up-valley winds during this 4d period between the four valleys and along the individual valleys and to relate these differences to the differences in the valley topographies. Muoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, Although in the cross-valley circulation the subsiding air causes local warming in the core of the valley atmosphere, the net effect of the cross-valley circulation is to export heat out of the valley atmosphere due to the overshooting up-slope winds at the valley crests (Schmidli,2013). You might need to cast it to a QuantityType first. Id prefer to get in km/h but I cannot find any way of doing that. The qualitative difference between the spatial pattern of the thermal structure of the valley atmospheres on 20 and21December is small (Fig.10a, c, e and g compared with Fig.10b, d, f and h). - Medvedev cracks it at fan | 00:56, Aussie world No. ", OpenWeatherMapAPI Python Tutorial -Access Desired Current Weather Data. Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., deRosnay, P., For professionals and specialists with middle and large sized project, we recommend our Professional collections. (range of thunderstorm, drizzle, rain, snow, clouds, atmosphere including extreme conditions like tornado, hurricane etc.). The MBE, MAE and RMSE are calculated using Eqs.(1), (2) and (3) respectively: Here, Xwrf(t) and Xobs(t) are the modelled value at the closest model grid point and the observation at the station at the same time step t respectively. Bull. Bonekamp, P., Collier, E., and Immerzeel, W.: The Impact of Spatial Resolution, Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization, Mon. Bianchi, F., Junninen, H., Bigi, A., Sinclair, V., Dada, L., Hoyle, C., Zha, This paper was edited by Peter Haynes and reviewed by two anonymous referees. Weather forecasts, nowcasts and history in a fast and elegant way. Chem. variables in the south of central Himalaya, Int. The along-valley wind component is calculated based on Eq.(4) for four different parts of each valley. Meteorol., If you register an new API key with OpenWeatherMap, it will be activated automatically, this typically takes between 10 minutes and 2 hours after your successful registration. Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Cuenca, R.H.: Implementation and verification of after your successful registration. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. Potter, E.R., Orr, A., Willis, I.C., Bannister, D., and Salerno, F.: The up-valley winds basically stop on the northern side of the barrier close to the valley entrances of Gaurishankar and Khumbu. However, the use of these identified ridgelines allows us to approximately estimate the average depth of the valley atmosphere in these valleys. At Lukla, the amplitude of the daily cycle of temperature is not captured well (MAE of 2.3K), but the average temperature is closer to observations (daytime MBE of 0.5K and night-time MBE of 2.3K). Recent policy changes limit the API access for new registered users with a free plan, they should select the `hourly` mode. In the middle of the top half of the valley (red time series, grid point 90 in Fig.6c), the onset, peak in magnitude, and offset of the up-valley winds are similar to those of the other valleys during the study period. 172, 133148, Stull, R.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Atmospheric and Should the default value not be in km/h also in OH2 openweathermap add-on? Subsidence warming is the dominant mechanisms leading to the heating of the air in the core of the valley in the morning transition phase, whereas the turbulent convective heat flux from the valley floor and the slopes is the dominant mechanism in the afternoon (Serafin and Zardi,2010). Positive values of wind velocity refer to up-valley winds. 2012 2022 OpenWeather All rights reserved, 8,000+ OpenWeatherMap weather API repositories on GitHub, Google Weather-Based Campaign Management with OpenWeatherMap API, Connect your weather station to OpenWeatherMap, Get weather data for free for open source project, Vegetation indicies statistics by each recognised field, Climate data for regions and particular field, Vegetation indices and Historical NDVI chart, Current, Forecast and Historical weather data. As discussed in Sect.4.2, the daytime plain-to-valley winds cross this barrier in a shallow layer of a few hundred metres. The north-westerlies penetrate into the valley atmosphere through the gaps and open southnorth-orientated structures surrounding the top of the valley. The valleys can be roughly divided in two groups based on their topographic characteristics: the two westernmost valleys, Gaurishankar and Khumbu (Fig.3a, b), and the two easternmost valleys, Makalu and Kanchanjunga (Fig.3c, d). We are happy to support open projects with open source code. The integration creates a weather entity as well as sensors for supported weather conditions. Chem. The 40-year average and the daily averages of the large-scale flow during the study period are shown in Fig.1. The daytime cross-valley winds, on the other hand, are driven by the buoyancy force that arises from the horizontal temperature difference between the air immediately adjacent to the slopes, which is heated, and the air on the same horizontal level but away from the slope. Phys., 10, 75157531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7515-2010, 2010.a, b, c, d, Bonekamp, P., Collier, E., and Immerzeel, W.: The Impact of Spatial Resolution, %wind-gust% This data is only returned by the API if the condition exists. As I want to reuse the existing WindSpeed_LYO item (previously used with the Weather binding) Im not interested in any solution that only change the displayed value. Toggle display of the current weather in the statusbar on or off, Define your statusbar weather string here, Time interval to update the weather displayed in the statusbar and DIV's (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 60 minutes). The lowest wind component in the model output is at 10m above the surface, whereas the winds are observed at 5m height. The flow characteristics over this barrier are similar to what Stull (1988) describes with respect to the down-slope wind storms associated with hydraulic jump. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. Hey u/dannyk6 - any chance that you can change the default metric units for wind speed from m/s to kph? Welcome to OpenWeatherMapAPI Python tutorial. 25072522. Although the jet is located around 5 south of the 40-year average during our study period, the relatively large standard deviation implies that the study period is still representative of the area's climatological large-scale wind conditions. Tip: These strings can contain anything you want, not just weather information. Gets weather forecast for the specific time (corrected to zero minutes) from OpenWeather with specifying latitude and longitude of the world. Home Assistant automatically translates it to the language configured for the frontend. The along-valley wind characteristics in Khumbu Valley were found to be similar to what previous research has shown, with respect to both observational (Inoue,1976; Ueno and Kayastha,2001; Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno etal.,2008; Bonasoni etal.,2010; Shea etal.,2015) and model-based studies (Potter etal.,2018, 2021). Chem. Get current weather data and forecasts for any number of locations. For both daytime and night-time, the RMSE in wind speed is lowest at Lukla and highest at NCO-P; moreover, the night-time RMSE is lower than the daytime value at each station. Whiteman, C. D.: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, New York, Oxford University Press. This research has been supported by the H2020 European Research Council (grant no. Lett., 22, e1018. Some parts of the valleys have weak (<2ms1) near-surface down-valley winds which flow in shallow layers of less than 200m. It access current weather data for any location on Earth including over 200,000 cities! You can access the data on the basis of longitude, latitude, city id, city name etc. Automatic Weather Station (GEN-AWS) in Khumbu region, Nepal Himalayas, Chem. The vertical extent of the warming is more evident in the cross-sections shown in Fig.10, as the layer in which the surface-based warming exceeds 2K between 09:00 and 15:00LT is hundreds of metres deeper than above the valley. One of the analysed locations, the middle of the top half of Kanchanjunga (red time series in Fig.7d), shows signs of a single circulation cell. The simulation was initialised using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (Saha etal.,2010) which has a horizontal grid spacing of 0.5. All authors discussed the final form of the manuscript. The subtropical jet is located around 25N during 1821December2014, which is south-east of the study area. Iredell, M., Treadon, R., Kleist, D., Delst, P.V., Keyser, D., Derber, J., Temperature, humidity and wind speed can be obtained as well as snow volume and wind gust. forecast.windSpeed.mps Wind speed, meters per second; forecast.windSpeed.unit Unit of measurements; forecast.windSpeed.name Type of the wind; forecast.windGust. The perpendicular barrier at the valley entrance potentially interrupts the daytime plain-to-valley wind propagation, which is seen as weaker daytime up-valley winds at the valley entrance and potentially leads to weaker up-valley winds further up in the valley. The WRF raw output dataset is available upon request (contact author). The surface topography is from United States Geological Survey with a horizontal resolution of 30arcsec (1km) and is shown for domains d01 and d04 in Fig.2a and b respectively. Questetra Support. Four major valleys are present in the innermost model domain, and the characteristics of the along-valley winds that develop in each of these valleys during this 4d period were analysed and compared to each other. Res., 18, 2330, 2001.a, b, c, Ueno, K., Toyotsu, K., Bertolani, L., and Tartari, G.: Stepwise Onset of Question 2: Goldberg, M.: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, Bull. There are no missing or neglected time steps in temperature observations nor in the NCO-P wind observations. This app brings the OpenWeatherMap API to Homey. Positive values for the along-valley wind refer to up-valley winds. The description of the along-valley winds is mostly based on the 2021December period, when the thermally driven winds were well defined in the valleys, but the 1819December period is also considered in the text. Sensitivity of Simulated Wind Speed to Spatial Resolution over Complex J. In all of the valleys, especially in their sloped parts, the isentropes turn towards the surface in a layer of 100200m, meaning that the valley floor is heated, even in the morning at 09:00LT. Get current weather, daily forecast for 16 days, and 3-hourly forecast 5 days for your city. Yang, K., Guyennon, N., Ouyang, L., Tian, L., Tartari, G., and Salerno, F.: prediction, 1115, 2004.. Comparing the observed wind direction during the 1821December2014 study period (Bianchi etal.,2021) with other periods, such as the winters of 19941999 (Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno and Kayastha,2001), December in 2003 (Ueno etal.,2008) and December in 2006 and 2007 (Bonasoni etal.,2010), the study period resembles the average wind conditions at the NCO-P station well. Meteorological impacts of a novel debris-covered glacier category in a These Himalayan valleys have very different topographies compared with the much more extensively studied valleys in the European Alps and Rocky Mountains. The up-slope winds start to develop right after sunrise at around 07:00LT (sun rise 06:50LT), peak in magnitude around noon and cease around 15:00LT. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. and Land Surface Datasets, Atmosphere, 9, 196. Schmidli, J., Bing, S., and Fuhrer, O.: Accuracy of Simulated Diurnal Valley 7.7 * 3.6 = 27.7. Furthermore, the lowest three model levels at heights of 25, 90 and 190m may not capture the thermally driven cross-valley circulation, due to the shallower nature of slope winds and the fact that night-time inversions may be below the lowest model level. A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hlm, E., Janiskov, M., Coastlines and country borders are shown in grey, and the borders of Nepal are shown in red. See EXAMPLE.md for a demonstration of how I use these in my Daily Template. Climatol., 38, 17481759, Many thanks to Cristina Facchini and Rolf Sander and welcome to Barbara Ervens as executive editor of ACP, First ACP Letter: The value of remote marine aerosol measurements for constraining radiative forcing uncertainty, Atmospheric evolution of emissions from a boreal forest fire: the formation of highly functionalized oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds, Observing the timescales of aerosolcloud interactions in snapshot satellite images, New ACP Letter: How alkaline compounds control atmospheric aerosol particle acidity, Changes in biomass burning, wetland extent, or agriculture drive atmospheric NH3 trends in select African regions, Two of ACP's founding executive editors step down, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023-supplement, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-00661-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.384, https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.38.Special_66, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00109.1, https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1020417, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00438-3, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<1669:TRBOSS>2.0.CO;2, Overview of the topographic characteristics of the four valleys. (2018) studied the effect of spin-up time on the output from high-resolution WRF simulations in the Langtang Catchment, which is located just outside our innermost WRF domain to the west. Sci. regional climate model across a Himalayan catchment, Atmos. Keep in mind when configuring this integration, that you new API key might the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model, 20th conference on At Lukla, the observed wind speeds are less than 2ms1 during the whole 4d period, and the modelled wind speeds are notably larger and exhibit a clearer diurnal cycle (Fig.S1e in the Supplement) which leads to a higher MAE and MBE during daytime (MAE and MBE of 1.2ms1) compared with night-time (MAE of 0.3ms1 and MBE of 0.4ms1). To use openweathermap API, you need to create an account in their site. Follow the instruction on screen to complete the set up. Valley centre lines are shown by the white dashed lines. %Icon% - This is replaced with the image tag This is more useful if it is embedded inside a div code block. ", "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/group? This is concatenation of base_url, API_key and city_id, # this variable contain the JSON data which the API returns, # JSON data is difficult to visualize, so you need to pretty print, "\nWeather Data By Geograhic Coordinates :", OpenWeatherMapAPI Python Tutorial -Access Current Weather Data For Several Cities, "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/find? high altitude in the Khumbu Valley, Nepal Himalayas, 19941999, Bull. Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial Wind Speed %wind-speed% - Km/h for Metric, Mp/h for Imperial, Wind Direction %wind-dir% - Eg. The algorithm starts from the valley top, from a grid point chosen by the user, from where it finds the way down to the valley entrance by choosing the neighbouring grid point with the lowest surface height. Parameters During Weak Mean-Flow Conditions, Bound.-Lay. This topic could be addressed in the future by performing a longer simulation. The time period these sensors use depends on the forecast mode selected when configuring the integration: hourly or onecall_hourly will show conditions for the current hour of the day, while daily or onecall_daily will show conditions for the current day. (2015) suggested that the increase in wind speed was due to both the reduction in the valley volume by 50% and the additional buoyancy forcing from the slope wind effect. This is seen as mostly horizontal isentropes between the valley atmosphere and the air above the plain (i.e. Your Shopping Cart will be saved with Product pictures and information, and Cart Totals. Black solid contours show the WRF simulation topography at 3000 and 5000ma.s.l. The Khumbu Valley is an exception, as the valley becomes broader (i.e. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023266, 2015.a, b, Giovannini, L., Antonacci, G., Zardi, D., Laiti, L., and Panziera, L.: Meteorol. Figure9Vertical cross-section of potential temperature (grey contours) and the along-valley wind component (shading) above the valley centre lines (yellow lines in Fig.2) on 20December at 15:00LT. the Nepalese Himalaya, Int. Based on large amount of processing satellite and climate data, we provide analytical reports and detailed datasets for crop monitoring: Dashboard is a visual service where you can easily work with satellite imagery and weather data for your fields. The up-valley wind propagation into the valley could be significantly interrupted by the flow forced to flow over the 1km high barrier. Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial So write the following code. The grid point was selected based on the station and model grid coordinates without the use of any horizontal interpolation. Marinoni, A., Mirme, S., Molteni, U., Petaja, T., Riva, M., Rose, C., The strongest warming is located around same parts of the valleys on both days. The width estimate is the distance between the west and east wall from the grid points where the elevation is above 1000m compared with the valley centre line height. So you just need to put the units in your label to display it properly. (2002) describe the seasonal variation and climatology of the study area by means of 6years of meteorological observations made at the Nepal Climate Observatory Pyramid (NCO-P) station, located close to the base of Mount Everest (marked as a black star in Fig.2b). Due to computational and data storage limitations, it is not possible to perform a long-term simulation with high-temporal-resolution output. reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Snow Weather You need an API key, which is free, but requires a registration. We also assume that, as all four valleys are under similar large-scale forcing, the differences in the along-valley winds are mainly due to differences in the valley topographies. Their ids will follow the format: sensor.
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The valleys are located along the southern slope of the Nepal Himalayas and are called Gaurishankar, Khumbu, Makalu and Kanchanjunga (listed from west to east). The strongest daytime near-surface winds in the valleys are found around the valley centre lines (white dashed lines in Fig.5) and have magnitudes of up to 10ms1. The calculated error metrics for the comparison are presented in Table2. Manage deliveries with confidence by using tools that help you route accordingly. Soc. Wang, W., Long, C., Chelliah, M., Xue, Y., Huang, B., Schemm, J.-K., Disappointed tennis fans huddled in groups at vendors selling hot drinks and food, and under whatever shelter they could find to wait out . Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cucurull, L., Reynolds, R.W., Rutledge, G., and and Collins, W.D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Figure4 shows the 400hPa wind in the outer domain (d01) in the WRF simulation at 12:00LT (noon) on 1821December2014. Please use Geocoder API if you need automatic convert city names and zip-codes to geo coordinates and the other way around. This work is distributed under, Daytime along-valley winds in the Himalayas as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The land surface scheme used in the simulation was the Unified Noah land surface model (Tewari etal.,2004). 2018.a, b, c, Collier, E. and Immerzeel, W.W.: High-resolution modeling of atmospheric Serafin, S. and Zardi, D.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes Related to Slope Dynam., 8, 507528, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-507-2017, 2017.a, b, kkeene44: Finalize WRFV4.4.2 by merging release-v4.4.2 branch onto master, Github [data set], https://github.com/wrf-model/WRF (last access: 11 January 2023), 2022.a, Lai, Y., Chen, X., Ma, Y., Chen, D., and Zhaxi, S.: Impacts of the Westerlies Shea, J., Wagnon, P., Immerzeel, W., Biron, R., Brun, F., and Pellicciotti, F.: The Weather Research and Forecasting model is run with a 1km horizontal grid spacing covering a 4d period in December2014. The OpenWeatherMap weather integrations uses OpenWeatherMap as a source for current meteorological data for your location. Although the large-scale flow during the studied 4d period is similar to the 40-year climatology, the results are subject to uncertainty, due to the short simulation period, and may not be valid under different or more time-variable large-scale forcing. I would like to follow your blog frequently. After losing the first set 6-3, Thompson snared a break to claim a 3-1 lead when the umpire announced play would be paused. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science since 2014. Giovannini, L., Antonacci, G., Zardi, D., Laiti, L., and Panziera, L.: These two group of valleys can be separated by their topographical characteristics: the valleys in the west have a continuous inclination in the valley floor, and there is a 1km high perpendicular mountain barrier between the valley entrance and the plain; the valleys in the east have a 40 (Makalu) and 60km (Kanchanjunga) portion with a flat valley floor from the open valley entrance into the valley. Similarly, the vertical extent of the amplified diurnal cycle of potential temperature is based on the model level at which the daily range in potential temperature is the same as over the plain (not shown, but three model levels are shown in Fig.11). If you need to actually have the Item state be km/h without using Units of Measure to convert between units, you need to create a proxy Item and a Rule to post the km/h value to the Proxy Item. If you want to know more the Stack Overflow answers have explanations along with comments for what the magic numbers represent. G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., DeChiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Such a Great Article!! We now attempt to understand the differences in the daytime up-valley winds during this 4d period between the four valleys and along the individual valleys and to relate these differences to the differences in the valley topographies. Muoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, Although in the cross-valley circulation the subsiding air causes local warming in the core of the valley atmosphere, the net effect of the cross-valley circulation is to export heat out of the valley atmosphere due to the overshooting up-slope winds at the valley crests (Schmidli,2013). You might need to cast it to a QuantityType first. Id prefer to get in km/h but I cannot find any way of doing that. The qualitative difference between the spatial pattern of the thermal structure of the valley atmospheres on 20 and21December is small (Fig.10a, c, e and g compared with Fig.10b, d, f and h). - Medvedev cracks it at fan | 00:56, Aussie world No. ", OpenWeatherMapAPI Python Tutorial -Access Desired Current Weather Data. Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., deRosnay, P., For professionals and specialists with middle and large sized project, we recommend our Professional collections. (range of thunderstorm, drizzle, rain, snow, clouds, atmosphere including extreme conditions like tornado, hurricane etc.). The MBE, MAE and RMSE are calculated using Eqs.(1), (2) and (3) respectively: Here, Xwrf(t) and Xobs(t) are the modelled value at the closest model grid point and the observation at the station at the same time step t respectively. Bull. Bonekamp, P., Collier, E., and Immerzeel, W.: The Impact of Spatial Resolution, Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization, Mon. Bianchi, F., Junninen, H., Bigi, A., Sinclair, V., Dada, L., Hoyle, C., Zha, This paper was edited by Peter Haynes and reviewed by two anonymous referees. Weather forecasts, nowcasts and history in a fast and elegant way. Chem. variables in the south of central Himalaya, Int. The along-valley wind component is calculated based on Eq.(4) for four different parts of each valley. Meteorol., If you register an new API key with OpenWeatherMap, it will be activated automatically, this typically takes between 10 minutes and 2 hours after your successful registration. Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Cuenca, R.H.: Implementation and verification of after your successful registration. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. Potter, E.R., Orr, A., Willis, I.C., Bannister, D., and Salerno, F.: The up-valley winds basically stop on the northern side of the barrier close to the valley entrances of Gaurishankar and Khumbu. However, the use of these identified ridgelines allows us to approximately estimate the average depth of the valley atmosphere in these valleys. At Lukla, the amplitude of the daily cycle of temperature is not captured well (MAE of 2.3K), but the average temperature is closer to observations (daytime MBE of 0.5K and night-time MBE of 2.3K). Recent policy changes limit the API access for new registered users with a free plan, they should select the `hourly` mode. In the middle of the top half of the valley (red time series, grid point 90 in Fig.6c), the onset, peak in magnitude, and offset of the up-valley winds are similar to those of the other valleys during the study period. 172, 133148, Stull, R.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Atmospheric and Should the default value not be in km/h also in OH2 openweathermap add-on? Subsidence warming is the dominant mechanisms leading to the heating of the air in the core of the valley in the morning transition phase, whereas the turbulent convective heat flux from the valley floor and the slopes is the dominant mechanism in the afternoon (Serafin and Zardi,2010). Positive values of wind velocity refer to up-valley winds. 2012 2022 OpenWeather All rights reserved, 8,000+ OpenWeatherMap weather API repositories on GitHub, Google Weather-Based Campaign Management with OpenWeatherMap API, Connect your weather station to OpenWeatherMap, Get weather data for free for open source project, Vegetation indicies statistics by each recognised field, Climate data for regions and particular field, Vegetation indices and Historical NDVI chart, Current, Forecast and Historical weather data. As discussed in Sect.4.2, the daytime plain-to-valley winds cross this barrier in a shallow layer of a few hundred metres. The north-westerlies penetrate into the valley atmosphere through the gaps and open southnorth-orientated structures surrounding the top of the valley. The valleys can be roughly divided in two groups based on their topographic characteristics: the two westernmost valleys, Gaurishankar and Khumbu (Fig.3a, b), and the two easternmost valleys, Makalu and Kanchanjunga (Fig.3c, d). We are happy to support open projects with open source code. The integration creates a weather entity as well as sensors for supported weather conditions. Chem. The 40-year average and the daily averages of the large-scale flow during the study period are shown in Fig.1. The daytime cross-valley winds, on the other hand, are driven by the buoyancy force that arises from the horizontal temperature difference between the air immediately adjacent to the slopes, which is heated, and the air on the same horizontal level but away from the slope. Phys., 10, 75157531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7515-2010, 2010.a, b, c, d, Bonekamp, P., Collier, E., and Immerzeel, W.: The Impact of Spatial Resolution, %wind-gust% This data is only returned by the API if the condition exists. As I want to reuse the existing WindSpeed_LYO item (previously used with the Weather binding) Im not interested in any solution that only change the displayed value. Toggle display of the current weather in the statusbar on or off, Define your statusbar weather string here, Time interval to update the weather displayed in the statusbar and DIV's (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 60 minutes). The lowest wind component in the model output is at 10m above the surface, whereas the winds are observed at 5m height. The flow characteristics over this barrier are similar to what Stull (1988) describes with respect to the down-slope wind storms associated with hydraulic jump. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. Hey u/dannyk6 - any chance that you can change the default metric units for wind speed from m/s to kph? Welcome to OpenWeatherMapAPI Python tutorial. 25072522. Although the jet is located around 5 south of the 40-year average during our study period, the relatively large standard deviation implies that the study period is still representative of the area's climatological large-scale wind conditions. Tip: These strings can contain anything you want, not just weather information. Gets weather forecast for the specific time (corrected to zero minutes) from OpenWeather with specifying latitude and longitude of the world. Home Assistant automatically translates it to the language configured for the frontend. The along-valley wind characteristics in Khumbu Valley were found to be similar to what previous research has shown, with respect to both observational (Inoue,1976; Ueno and Kayastha,2001; Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno etal.,2008; Bonasoni etal.,2010; Shea etal.,2015) and model-based studies (Potter etal.,2018, 2021). Chem. Get current weather data and forecasts for any number of locations. For both daytime and night-time, the RMSE in wind speed is lowest at Lukla and highest at NCO-P; moreover, the night-time RMSE is lower than the daytime value at each station. Whiteman, C. D.: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, New York, Oxford University Press. This research has been supported by the H2020 European Research Council (grant no. Lett., 22, e1018. Some parts of the valleys have weak (<2ms1) near-surface down-valley winds which flow in shallow layers of less than 200m. It access current weather data for any location on Earth including over 200,000 cities! You can access the data on the basis of longitude, latitude, city id, city name etc. Automatic Weather Station (GEN-AWS) in Khumbu region, Nepal Himalayas, Chem. The vertical extent of the warming is more evident in the cross-sections shown in Fig.10, as the layer in which the surface-based warming exceeds 2K between 09:00 and 15:00LT is hundreds of metres deeper than above the valley. One of the analysed locations, the middle of the top half of Kanchanjunga (red time series in Fig.7d), shows signs of a single circulation cell. The simulation was initialised using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (Saha etal.,2010) which has a horizontal grid spacing of 0.5. All authors discussed the final form of the manuscript. The subtropical jet is located around 25N during 1821December2014, which is south-east of the study area. Iredell, M., Treadon, R., Kleist, D., Delst, P.V., Keyser, D., Derber, J., Temperature, humidity and wind speed can be obtained as well as snow volume and wind gust. forecast.windSpeed.mps Wind speed, meters per second; forecast.windSpeed.unit Unit of measurements; forecast.windSpeed.name Type of the wind; forecast.windGust. The perpendicular barrier at the valley entrance potentially interrupts the daytime plain-to-valley wind propagation, which is seen as weaker daytime up-valley winds at the valley entrance and potentially leads to weaker up-valley winds further up in the valley. The WRF raw output dataset is available upon request (contact author). The surface topography is from United States Geological Survey with a horizontal resolution of 30arcsec (1km) and is shown for domains d01 and d04 in Fig.2a and b respectively. Questetra Support. Four major valleys are present in the innermost model domain, and the characteristics of the along-valley winds that develop in each of these valleys during this 4d period were analysed and compared to each other. Res., 18, 2330, 2001.a, b, c, Ueno, K., Toyotsu, K., Bertolani, L., and Tartari, G.: Stepwise Onset of Question 2: Goldberg, M.: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, Bull. There are no missing or neglected time steps in temperature observations nor in the NCO-P wind observations. This app brings the OpenWeatherMap API to Homey. Positive values for the along-valley wind refer to up-valley winds. The description of the along-valley winds is mostly based on the 2021December period, when the thermally driven winds were well defined in the valleys, but the 1819December period is also considered in the text. Sensitivity of Simulated Wind Speed to Spatial Resolution over Complex J. In all of the valleys, especially in their sloped parts, the isentropes turn towards the surface in a layer of 100200m, meaning that the valley floor is heated, even in the morning at 09:00LT. Get current weather, daily forecast for 16 days, and 3-hourly forecast 5 days for your city. Yang, K., Guyennon, N., Ouyang, L., Tian, L., Tartari, G., and Salerno, F.: prediction, 1115, 2004.. Comparing the observed wind direction during the 1821December2014 study period (Bianchi etal.,2021) with other periods, such as the winters of 19941999 (Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno and Kayastha,2001), December in 2003 (Ueno etal.,2008) and December in 2006 and 2007 (Bonasoni etal.,2010), the study period resembles the average wind conditions at the NCO-P station well. Meteorological impacts of a novel debris-covered glacier category in a These Himalayan valleys have very different topographies compared with the much more extensively studied valleys in the European Alps and Rocky Mountains. The up-slope winds start to develop right after sunrise at around 07:00LT (sun rise 06:50LT), peak in magnitude around noon and cease around 15:00LT. OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. and Land Surface Datasets, Atmosphere, 9, 196. Schmidli, J., Bing, S., and Fuhrer, O.: Accuracy of Simulated Diurnal Valley 7.7 * 3.6 = 27.7. Furthermore, the lowest three model levels at heights of 25, 90 and 190m may not capture the thermally driven cross-valley circulation, due to the shallower nature of slope winds and the fact that night-time inversions may be below the lowest model level. A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R.J., Hlm, E., Janiskov, M., Coastlines and country borders are shown in grey, and the borders of Nepal are shown in red. See EXAMPLE.md for a demonstration of how I use these in my Daily Template. Climatol., 38, 17481759, Many thanks to Cristina Facchini and Rolf Sander and welcome to Barbara Ervens as executive editor of ACP, First ACP Letter: The value of remote marine aerosol measurements for constraining radiative forcing uncertainty, Atmospheric evolution of emissions from a boreal forest fire: the formation of highly functionalized oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds, Observing the timescales of aerosolcloud interactions in snapshot satellite images, New ACP Letter: How alkaline compounds control atmospheric aerosol particle acidity, Changes in biomass burning, wetland extent, or agriculture drive atmospheric NH3 trends in select African regions, Two of ACP's founding executive editors step down, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-821-2023-supplement, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-00661-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.384, https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.38.Special_66, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00109.1, https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1020417, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00438-3, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<1669:TRBOSS>2.0.CO;2, Overview of the topographic characteristics of the four valleys. (2018) studied the effect of spin-up time on the output from high-resolution WRF simulations in the Langtang Catchment, which is located just outside our innermost WRF domain to the west. Sci. regional climate model across a Himalayan catchment, Atmos. Keep in mind when configuring this integration, that you new API key might the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model, 20th conference on At Lukla, the observed wind speeds are less than 2ms1 during the whole 4d period, and the modelled wind speeds are notably larger and exhibit a clearer diurnal cycle (Fig.S1e in the Supplement) which leads to a higher MAE and MBE during daytime (MAE and MBE of 1.2ms1) compared with night-time (MAE of 0.3ms1 and MBE of 0.4ms1). To use openweathermap API, you need to create an account in their site. Follow the instruction on screen to complete the set up. Valley centre lines are shown by the white dashed lines. %Icon% - This is replaced with the image tag This is more useful if it is embedded inside a div code block. ", "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/group? This is concatenation of base_url, API_key and city_id, # this variable contain the JSON data which the API returns, # JSON data is difficult to visualize, so you need to pretty print, "\nWeather Data By Geograhic Coordinates :", OpenWeatherMapAPI Python Tutorial -Access Current Weather Data For Several Cities, "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/find? high altitude in the Khumbu Valley, Nepal Himalayas, 19941999, Bull. Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial Wind Speed %wind-speed% - Km/h for Metric, Mp/h for Imperial, Wind Direction %wind-dir% - Eg. The algorithm starts from the valley top, from a grid point chosen by the user, from where it finds the way down to the valley entrance by choosing the neighbouring grid point with the lowest surface height. Parameters During Weak Mean-Flow Conditions, Bound.-Lay. This topic could be addressed in the future by performing a longer simulation. The time period these sensors use depends on the forecast mode selected when configuring the integration: hourly or onecall_hourly will show conditions for the current hour of the day, while daily or onecall_daily will show conditions for the current day. (2015) suggested that the increase in wind speed was due to both the reduction in the valley volume by 50% and the additional buoyancy forcing from the slope wind effect. This is seen as mostly horizontal isentropes between the valley atmosphere and the air above the plain (i.e. Your Shopping Cart will be saved with Product pictures and information, and Cart Totals. Black solid contours show the WRF simulation topography at 3000 and 5000ma.s.l. The Khumbu Valley is an exception, as the valley becomes broader (i.e. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023266, 2015.a, b, Giovannini, L., Antonacci, G., Zardi, D., Laiti, L., and Panziera, L.: Meteorol. Figure9Vertical cross-section of potential temperature (grey contours) and the along-valley wind component (shading) above the valley centre lines (yellow lines in Fig.2) on 20December at 15:00LT. the Nepalese Himalaya, Int. Based on large amount of processing satellite and climate data, we provide analytical reports and detailed datasets for crop monitoring: Dashboard is a visual service where you can easily work with satellite imagery and weather data for your fields. The up-valley wind propagation into the valley could be significantly interrupted by the flow forced to flow over the 1km high barrier. Rajeev, K., Gunthe, S.S., and Kotamarthi, V.R.: Effects of spatial So write the following code. The grid point was selected based on the station and model grid coordinates without the use of any horizontal interpolation. Marinoni, A., Mirme, S., Molteni, U., Petaja, T., Riva, M., Rose, C., The strongest warming is located around same parts of the valleys on both days. The width estimate is the distance between the west and east wall from the grid points where the elevation is above 1000m compared with the valley centre line height. So you just need to put the units in your label to display it properly. (2002) describe the seasonal variation and climatology of the study area by means of 6years of meteorological observations made at the Nepal Climate Observatory Pyramid (NCO-P) station, located close to the base of Mount Everest (marked as a black star in Fig.2b). Due to computational and data storage limitations, it is not possible to perform a long-term simulation with high-temporal-resolution output. reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Snow Weather You need an API key, which is free, but requires a registration. We also assume that, as all four valleys are under similar large-scale forcing, the differences in the along-valley winds are mainly due to differences in the valley topographies. Their ids will follow the format: sensor.
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