western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

by

western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts., Ricard, Serge. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. The white man's burden poem was written by Rudyard Kipling. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Global Research The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western civilization against barbariansor as the poem put it, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.. The more popular studies however have largely focused on the following four leadership perspectives: 1. 13, No. 83-108 (2006). 32, No. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines., Cullinane, M. Patrick. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. Long May It Wave. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising., Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity., Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of the, Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,, Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. Competency (trait) perspective. The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. Brewer, Susan. White Man's Burden: The social, religious and cultural excuses to justify imperialism and gunship diplomacy Posted on March 31, 2014 by JL Admin European imperialism of the last few centuries were heavily centered on the perceived moral responsibility of its leaders toward other supposedly backward regions of the world. 23 later, in the sorrows of empire: militarism, secrecy, and the end of the republic (2004), johnson does not perceive A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. Free Books! In the decolonisation of the developing world, the phrase the white man's burden is synonymous with colonial domination, to illustrate the falsity of the good intentions of Western neo The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. SHARE. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). On February 15, 1898, the battleshipU.S.S. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. The image argues that a crisis point has been reached and the caption states, Some One Must Back Up., Left:Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade,Progress,Force if Necessary,Cotton Dry Goods Education, Right:Boxer,400 Million Barbarians,China, Civilization and barbarism meet as the headlight of Uncle Sams gun-mounted Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines the light of Progress on China. Published during the Boxer uprisings against Westerners and Christians, the cartoon portrays China as a frenzied dragon under the control of a Boxer gripping a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. In the balance of power between technological progress and primitive barbarians, the cartoon makes clear who must back up.. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. [Read Online]. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published byLifein April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. The French leftwing magazineLAssiette au Beurre(The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodicalLAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. [Read Online]. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. Facebook. According to Kipling, European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized places. Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). View Copy of White Man's As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains.Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). China peeps over the wall. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. Are our teachings, then, in vain? is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. Civilization (to China). The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. Several of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. Harpers Weeklylater echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. 301-314 (2010). View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. This ca. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). Because those in Asia, Africa, and parts of the Americas lived different lives, Europeans felt that it was their duty to civilize them into western culture and society. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. As early as mid 1899, for example,Lifecalled attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. W. H. P. Signs of Promise., Jones, Toby Craig. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. The poem The White Mans Burden was written by Rudyard Kipling partly as an appeal for the United States to intervene in the Philippines and transform the islands into ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. Klein, Thoralf. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. 62, Issue 4,pp. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. This special issue ofLAssiette au Beurredrew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. The regular army was dissolved after the war and the ironclad warships gradually fell into disrepair. It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, However, these came at a huge price for the people of these regions. Get started today before this once in a lifetime opportunity expires. The sign on the shores of England reads, John Bull The old reliable ship builder since 1861. Take up the White Mans burden The savage wars of peace Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa and Asia. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. While he originally wrote the poem to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Hevia, James Louis. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Blocking its uphill path, the Chinese dragon crawls downhill bearing a Boxer waving a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. The image puts progress and primitivism on a collision course at the edge of a cliff. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. The word Civilization (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical,The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsiaPacific Journal, Vol. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. The Boer War Remembered.The Journal of Historical Review, Vol. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. In a strikingJudgegraphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. W. H. P. Signs of Promise.The Advocate of Peace, pp. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. He says, Take up the White Mans burden, Send forth the best ye breed Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture., Twain, Mark. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. U.S. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. One victim of the UK Blair torture regime Fatima Boudchar was actually pregnant when kidnapped along with her husband for rendition. The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. Notre site en Franais: mondialisation.ca, Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. The Real White Mans Burden was published in 1902, after the Spanish-American war and it is a satire of another poem by British author Rudyard Kipling - The White Mans Burden. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Western leaders eagerly embraced the doctrine of the white man's burden because it was a convenient justification for their expansionist policies. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. In this mockingLifecartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book,Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. Svetlana Boginskaya William Yee, Articles W