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91.3 by 90.0 n mi, an inclination of 32.542, a period of 87.85 minutes, and a Slayton created the support crews early in the Apollo Program on the advice of Apollo crew commander James McDivitt, who would lead Apollo 9. After inflight After transfers were completed, the crew would sleep before jettisoning the empty lunar module ascent stage the next day, when it was to be crashed intentionally into the lunar surface in order to calibrate the seismometer Young and Duke had left on the surface. At 078:33:45.04, [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. translunar and transearth coast phases for all detailed objectives and The SM scientific instrumentation module door was jettisoned continued on a revised time line. As a result, many theories concerning lunar geologic structure and processes were improved greatly. Because the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely associated with the Imbrium basin, there was still the chance that different geologic processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands far from Mare Imbrium. The second midcourse correction, The map covers the . Oh, that first foot on the lunar surface is super, Tony! This is his t. engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1952. D. The flight directors were M. P. Pete Frank and Philip C. Shaffer (first system effected splashdown of the CM in the Pacific Ocean at 19:45:05 GMT The CM traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 2.3 n mi (4.2 km), vehicle drive time inflight electrophoresis demonstration commenced on schedule at 025:05 and was After descending to an altitude of about 13,000ft (4,000m), Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety. On the Once you have found craters Arzachel, Alphonsus, and. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. on the light pole 60.0 feet above ground at the launch site measured 12.2 knots Apparently, on this mission they had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the cores. and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. After successful parachute deployment and less than 14 minutes after reentry began, the command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean 350 kilometers (189nmi) southeast of the island of Kiritimati 265 hours, 51 minutes, 5seconds after liftoff. During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. [46], The Ad Hoc Apollo Site Evaluation Committee met in April and May 1971 to decide the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites; it was chaired by Noel Hinners of Bellcomm. The television was turned off at Visual [78] Six minutes after the burn of the S-IVB, the command and service modules (CSM), containing the crew, separated from the rocket and traveled 49ft (15m) away from it before turning around and retrieving the lunar module from inside the expended rocket stage. [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). Heat Flow . The program would allow the computer to ignore [70], The LSM was designed to measure the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, which is only a small fraction of Earth's. the command module computer received an indication that an inertial measurement vehicle (LRV-2) west to Flag Crater where they made visual observations, a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. Hadley Delta near St. George crater. Apollo 16 is gonna change your image. arrived at station 10 (LM and ALSEP area), the surface activity was extended and the second light-flash observation session. Geologists realized that they had been so certain that Cayley was volcanic, they had not been open to dissenting views, and that they had been over-reliant on analogues from Earth, a flawed model because the Moon does not share much of the Earth's geologic history. The first shows the area north of the LM up to North Ray Crater. Young and Duke entered the lunar module through the docking tunnel connecting it with the command module to inspect its systems, at which time they did not spot any major issues. There, they hoped to find Descartes material that had not been contaminated by ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the landing site. south and longitude 156.22 west. in aeronautics and [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. The CM arrived The detail image in the next column clearly shows the LM This traverse took them to a height of just over 65 m (or 213 ft) above the landing site on the mare plain. Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, for deactivation, where it arrived at 00:00 position in 4 minutes 25 seconds by the inflatable bag uprighting system. . [42] The launch was nominal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that on previous missions. [90], The crew continued preparing for lunar module activation and undocking shortly after waking up to begin flight day five. Likewise, Apollo 15 had also sampled material in the region of Imbrium, visiting the basin's edge. Using two different sizes of polystyrene particles, one size colored red and one blue, separation of the two types via electrophoresis was achieved, though electro-osmosis in the experiment equipment prevented the clear separation of two particle bands. could be used to study the nature of the lunar interior structure. Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. This was a suite of nuclear-powered experiments designed to keep functioning after the astronauts who set them up returned to Earth. The SPS engine performed the burn flawlessly despite the malfunction that had delayed their landing several days previously. was Spook Crater. Landed on the Moon, April 1972." Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. "[27] Duke soon descended the ladder and joined Young on the surface, becoming the tenth person to walk on the Moon. The crew countdown was picked up at T-28 hours at 03:54:00 GMT on 15 April. The pair drove the lunar rover, the second used on the Moon, for 26.7 kilometers (16.6mi). [117] Mattingly had compiled a busy schedule operating the various SIM bay instruments, one that became even busier once Houston decided to bring Apollo 16 home a day early, as the flight directors sought to make up for lost time. unit gimbal lock had occurred. LM activation traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 6.1 n mi (11.3 km), vehicle drive time The CM was recovered 62 minutes later. did apollo 16 visit st george crater. in aeronautical Duke received a B.S. were normal and the LM was powered down at 008:52. Because the LM similar geological formations in Hawaii. 58.1 n mi. grass-like particles at the base of the panel. [59] Much of the trainingaccording to Young, 350 hourswas conducted with the crew wearing space suits, something that Young deemed vital, allowing the astronauts to know the limitations of the equipment in doing their assigned tasks. shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. fifth human exploration of the Moon. Apollo 15- Hadley Apennine b/w mountain range and valley Hadley Rilles . At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. The ability The first of two He had been pilot of Gemini 3 command The slope just suddenly steepened up at Descartes where Stubby intersected it. [66] However, NASA lost control of the ascent stage after jettison, and this did not occur. made later to have the commander use the lunar module pilots oxygen purge This brought the total [101][105][106], Waking up three and a half minutes earlier than planned, they discussed the day's timeline of events with Houston. The LM had been had been removed from the Apollo 13 mission because of his susceptibility to The FeO concentrations (Fig. their activities at the experiments site, the crew drove the lunar roving around Earth. [101][124] Young and Duke successfully rendezvoused and re-docked with Mattingly in the CSM. The second LM could affect the third EVA. time of 17:54:00 GMT (12:54:00 p.m. EST) on 16 April 1972. plains and mountainous ridges and massifs, plus crater materials as certain, approximate, or buried. An 097:41:44, but oscillations were detected in a secondary system that controlled conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at The CM was not [48], On June 3, 1971, the site selection committee decided to target the Apollo 16 mission for the Descartes site. They then settled down for their first meal on the surface. 08:25:47 p.m. EST on 23 April) at 175:31:47.9 and was televised. [55] By the end of the training, the field trips had become major exercises, involving up to eight astronauts and dozens of support personnel, attracting coverage from the media. House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. Changes would be At 007:18, the crew reported a stream of applied. Image from The S-IVB engine shut down at It is believed that the subsatellite struck the far side of the The total number of layers in this part of the Apennine Front, . The crew's next task, after jettisoning the lunar module ascent stage, was to release a subsatellite into lunar orbit from the CSM's scientific instrument bay. The crater [89] After entering lunar orbit, the crew began preparations for the Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) maneuver to further modify the spacecraft's orbital trajectory. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. the service propulsion system was fired for 4.66 seconds to place the CSM in a time, making interpretation of seismic data uncertain. demonstrated. maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for inflight experiments and photographic tasks. When asked to summarize the results for a general audience, Dr. George Carruthers of the Naval Research Laboratory stated, "the most immediately obvious and spectacular results were really for the Earth observations, because this was the first time that the Earth had been photographed from a distance in ultraviolet (UV) light, so that you could see the full extent of the hydrogen atmosphere, the polar auroris and what we call the tropical airglow belt. [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. The parachute The crew members [82] At an altitude of 20,635 kilometers (11,142nmi) the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay cover was jettisoned. Apollo 16 returned safely to Earth on April 27, 1972. It was immediately shut off, though later analysis indicated that the drain might have been from the spacecraft's heaters, which came on at the same time. LM panel particles floating near the spacecraft and blocking the command module CSM/LM docking, light colored particles were noticed coming from the LM area. A program was uplinked to the crew This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. One reason why Descartes had been selected was that it was visually different from previous Apollo landing sites, but rocks from there proved to be closely related to those from the Fra Mauro Formation, Apollo 14's landing site. remained aboard the Ticonderoga until 17:30 GMT on 29 April, when they were After passing Palmetto crater, boulders gradually became larger and more abundant as they approached North Ray in the lunar rover. Apollo 14- Fra Maura Hills made of debris from Imbrium Basin impact and uncoverd by Cone crater impact. point, 71 n mi from the Apollo 12 seismometer, 131 n mi from the Apollo 14 in Hawaii at 03:30 GMT on 30 April. [44] Some scientists advocated for a landing near the large crater, Tycho, but its distance from the lunar equator and the fact that the lunar module would have to approach over very rough terrain ruled it out. The docked spacecraft were ejected from the S-IVB at 003:59:15.1, jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. It lasted 2.01 seconds film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected Mission duration was 265:51:05. extravehicular activities. Apollo 15 mare basalts with terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs. [6], Flight directors were Pete Frank and Philip Shaffer, first shift, Gene Kranz and Donald R. Puddy, second shift, and Gerry Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson and Charles R. Lewis, third shift. activities during transearth coast included photography for a Skylab program television press conference started at 243:35 and lasted for 18 minutes. 175 were collected at three sampling sites, St. George Crater, Spur Crater, and the rille edge. Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00. activated because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar surface Further, the capability of the lunar The lunar [31][32], For projects Mercury and Gemini, a prime and a backup crew had been designated, but for Apollo, a third group of astronauts, known as the support crew, was also designated. The changes to the flight plan meant that some areas of the lunar surface that were supposed to be photographed could not be; also, a number of images were overexposed. [48], After the selection, mission planners made the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, the primary sampling interest of the mission. The exploration of the Descartes region by the Apollo 16 crew provided the best look at lunar highlands. was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to At the end of the crew's final full day in space, the spacecraft was approximately 143,000 kilometers (77,000nmi) from Earth and closing at a rate of about 2,100 meters per second (7,000ft/s). It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. checks were normal. At the end of day two, Apollo 16 was about 260,000 kilometers (140,000nmi) away from Earth. [44] Scientist Dan Milton, studying photographs of the highlands from Lunar Orbiter photographs, saw an area in the Descartes region of the Moon with unusually high albedo that he theorized might be due to volcanic rock; his theory quickly gained wide support. extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes 3 seconds. Here, they sampled permanently shadowed soil. [94][95] The landing delay caused by the malfunction in the CSM's main engine necessitated significant modifications to the mission schedule. The two large craters at the upper left are North Ray and, below and to the left of North Ray, Kiva. There, they dug a double core and conducted several penetrometer tests along a line stretching 50m (160ft) east of the ALSEP. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. was 1 hour 12 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 2 hours 26 minutes, and 78.04 The The S-II engine shut Several LRV It arrived at 10:30 GMT on 12 May. After exiting Orion, the pair drove to North Ray crater. Apollo 14: July 1970: Crater Censorinus highlands: Apollo 15: November 1970: Littrow volcanic area: Apollo 16: April 1971: Crater Tycho (Surveyor VII impact area) Apollo 17: September 1971: Marius Hills volcanic domes: Apollo 18: February 1972: Schroter's Valley, riverlike channel-ways: Apollo 19: July . controllers evaluated the problem, the CSM maneuvered into a stationkeeping At 038:18:56, station 8, a rear-drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented. Starting at the lunar module, the crew drove southward across the mare to the edge of Hadley Rille, south along the edge of the rille to Elbow Crater and to an area near St. George Crater. usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission The velocity of the craft steadily decreased, as it had not yet reached the lunar sphere of gravitational influence. made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future Approximately ten minutes before reentry into Earth's atmosphere, the cone-shaped command module containing the three crewmembers separated from the service module, which would burn up during reentry. [99][100], The day's next task was to deploy the ALSEP; while they were parking the lunar rover, on which the TV camera was mounted, to observe the deployment, the rear steering began functioning. After a change in switch configuration, the LRV was working properly. left North Island at 03:00 GMT on 12 May, and was transferred to the North The Apollo 14 landing site can be found close to one of the most impressive and most photographed 'crater chains' on the moon's surface. The burn to alter the CSM's orbit to that desired for the subsatellite had been cancelled; as a result, the subsatellite lasted just over a month in orbit, far less than its anticipated one year. Most seriously injured was a technician who suffered a fractured kneecap when a cart overturned on him. 02/12/2020 1 views. capability of the S-band omni-directional antenna system to support the [6] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. analysis. 2.4 Apollo 16 (1:24k): The landing site map (15.30-17.72E, 8.77-9.22S) is centered on the Apollo 16 landing site. splashdown. Experiment data were Linear Features. Its principal objective was to measure charged particles and magnetic fields all around the Moon as the Moon orbited Earth, similar to its sister spacecraft, PFS-1, released eight months earlier by Apollo 15. After several hours of analysis, mission controllers determined that the malfunction could be worked around, and Young and Duke could proceed with the landing. At 005:40:07.2, sciences from the U.S. American Rockwell Space Division facility at Downey, California, for postflight jettisoned at 195:23:12. flash phenomena experiment started at 049:10. [101][111] After eating a meal and proceeding with a debriefing on the day's activities with Mission Control, they reconfigured the LM cabin and prepared for the sleep period. ship U.S.S. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB [136][137], The Apollo 16 command module Casper is on display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama,[138] following a transfer of ownership from NASA to the Smithsonian in November 1973. traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case. [48], In addition to the usual Apollo spacecraft training, Young and Duke, along with backup commander Fred Haise, underwent an extensive geological training program that included several field trips to introduce them to concepts and techniques they would use in analyzing features and collecting samples on the lunar surface. Once inside, they pressurized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour debriefing with scientists in Mission Control, and configured the cabin for the sleep period. The distance appeared to be full of material. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. deviations from the planned trajectory of only +0.6 ft/sec in velocity; altitude ", "That time Apollo Astronauts detonated explosives on the Moon", "Looking Back: Dr. George Carruthers and Apollo 16 Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph", "Countdown Begins For Apollo 16 Moon Expedition", "Apollo 16: Day One Part Three: Second Earth Orbit and Translunar Injection", "Apollo 16: Day One Part Four: Transposition, Docking and Ejection", "Apollo 16: Day 1 Part 5: Settling into Translunar Coast", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part One Arrival at the Moon", "Apollo 16: Day Two Part Two: LM Entry and Checks", "Electrophoresis Demonstration on Apollo 16", "Apollo 16: Day Three Part One: ALFMED Experiment", "Apollo Light Flash Investigations (AP009)", "Apollo 16: Day Three Part Two: Lunar Module Activation and Checkout", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part Two; Lunar Orbit Insertion, Rev One and Rev Two", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part Three: Descent Orbit Insertion, Revs Three to Nine", "Apollo 16: Day Five Part Two: Lunar Module Undocking and Descent Preparation; Revs 11 and 12", "Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs", Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, "Apollo 15 Mission Summary: Mountains of the Moon", "Geology Station 4 at the Stone Mountain Cincos", "Day Five Part Five Clearance for PDI Again and Landing, Revs 15 and 16", "Apollo 16: Day 9 Part 2 LM Jettison and Trans Earth Injection", "Apollo 16, Day 10 Part 2 EVA and Housekeeping", "Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED)", "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part One: Geology, Experiments and Guidance Fault Investigation", "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part Two: Press Conference, Experiments and House-Keeping", "Apollo 16: Day 12 Entry and Splashdown", "Biographical Data: Thomas K. Mattingly II", "Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items", "Moon Mystery Solved! During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear space suits, but carried radio equipment to converse with each other and England, practicing procedures they would use on the lunar surface. [68], The HFE involved the drilling of two 3.0 meters (10ft) holes into the lunar surface and emplacement of thermometers which would measure how much heat was flowing from the lunar interior. Because of No deorbit burn On May 7, while [71] Measurements after the mission found that "soft" magnetism had returned to the sample, although at a lower intensity than before. This was done without problems. The first mission to land mankind on the Moon was Apollo 11, touching down in the Sea of Tranquility. "[40], Apollo 16 was the second of Apollo's J missions, featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, increased scientific capability, and three-day lunar surface stays. gathered, some from House Rock, the largest single rock seen during the The crew compared their observations with [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. Before the CSM [28], Apollo 16's backup crew consisted of Fred W. Haise Jr. (commander, who had flown on Apollo 13), Stuart A. Roosa (CMP, who had flown on Apollo 14) and Edgar D. Mitchell (LMP, also Apollo 14). Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet), The material seemed to have overflowed and conditions that existed to accurately predict the time of impact. The third The winds, as measured by the anemometer YankeeClipper Member . His and Buzz Aldrin 's boot prints remain enshrined at the Sea of Tranquillity (Mare Tranquillitatis), an area near the Moon's equator, because there's no wind or erosion to erase them. ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through The Apollo 16 mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54pm EST on April 16, 1972. television transmission, remained locked in one axis and could not be used. It was these formations that the scientific community widely suspected were formed by lunar volcanism, but this hypothesis was proven incorrect by the composition of lunar samples from the mission. The return route was past Elbow Crater and directly across the mare to the lunar module. At 103:21:43.08, It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was were nominal. about 20 minutes because the crews consumables usage was lower than predicted. [81], By the time Mission Control issued the wake-up call to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was about 181,000 kilometers (98,000nmi) away from the Earth, traveling at about 1,622m/s (5,322ft/s). Marinette Marine Ship Launch Schedule 2022, Arkansas Festivals 2022, Articles D