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Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. Karoo The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. Fish River Canyon Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Where is Cameroon in the World? Chambers One, 27 Willie van Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. GWP (Global Water Partnership). There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. 1). Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. Sahara Desert Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. 2006. 2017) and organic pollution (Sanou et al. It provides fresh water for an entire community. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). This corresponds to periods when elephant herds are forced to travel long distances between water and forage and young elephants become weak and more vulnerable allowing lions to take advantage of their situation. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. Values>0 indicate preference, values<0 suggest use but avoidance. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Jane E. Hunt, AMCOW. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. 2013. Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. 3A). In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. Marion Valeix, In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. 2). Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. What are the major rivers in Cameroon? The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Recharge occurs to the confined aquifer only in limited areas (GWP 2013). The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Sossusvlei Water and Sanitation Program. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. 23 Views. Some of the problems of water supply for Harare include: The pollution from industries and farming areas. Water Practice and Technology. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The kill sites were single kill events. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Namib Desert The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. Zeke Davidson, Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. View our Cookie Policy. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Etosha What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. 3B). Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. Michael Reynolds Married Sabrina Le Beauf, Articles C